Abstract
Abstract Nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 −_ N) leaching increased with nitrogen (N) fertilization under high water supply to the field negatively affected the maize growth and performance. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms of NO 3 −_ N leaching on a biochemical basis and its relationship with plant performance with 5 different doses (0, 200, 250, 300, 350 kg N ha − 1 ) of N fertilizers under low (60%; LW) and high (80%; HW) water holding capacity. Soil and plant enzymes were observed at different growth stages (V9, R1, R3, and R6) of the maize, whereas the leachates were collected at 10-days intervals from the sowing date. The LW had 10.15% lower NO 3 −_ N leachate than HW, with correspondence increases in grain yield (25.57%), shoot (17.57%) and root (28.67%) dry matter. Irrespective of the irrigation water, RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage and decreased with approaching the maturity stage (R6) in maize. In HW irrigation, soil total N, GOGAT, soil nitrate (NO 3 −_ N), leached nitrate (LNO 3 −_ N), root N (RN), leaf N (LN) were positively correlated with N factors suggesting the higher losses of N through leaching (11.3%) compared to LW irrigation. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 − ), and proline were negatively correlated with the other enzymatic activities both under LW and HW irrigation. Thus, minimizing the NO 3 −_ N leaching is possibly correlated with the LW and N300 combination without compromising the yield benefit and improving enzyme activities.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
LW irrigation had 10.15% lower NO3-N leachate than HW irrigation in maize.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LW had 10.15% lower NO 3 −_ N leachate than HW”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
LW irrigation increased maize grain yield by 25.57% relative to HW irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LW had 10.15% lower NO 3 −_ N leachate than HW”
e2“with correspondence increases in grain yield (25.57%), shoot (17.57%) and root (28.67%) dry matter”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
LW irrigation increased maize shoot dry matter by 17.57% relative to HW irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LW had 10.15% lower NO 3 −_ N leachate than HW”
e2“with correspondence increases in grain yield (25.57%), shoot (17.57%) and root (28.67%) dry matter”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
LW irrigation increased maize root dry matter by 28.67% relative to HW irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LW had 10.15% lower NO 3 −_ N leachate than HW”
e2“with correspondence increases in grain yield (25.57%), shoot (17.57%) and root (28.67%) dry matter”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of RubisCo, GS and NR increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage in maize, irrespective of irrigation water.
- Organ / stage
- V9 growth stagee3
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizere3
- Outcome
- RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of the irrigation watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Irrespective of the irrigation water, RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage and decreased with approaching the maturity stage (R6) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of NiR and GOGAT increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage in maize, irrespective of irrigation water.
- Organ / stage
- V9 growth stagee3
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizere3
- Outcome
- nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of the irrigation watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Irrespective of the irrigation water, RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage and decreased with approaching the maturity stage (R6) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of RubisCo, GS and NR decreased as the crop approached the maturity stage (R6) in maize.
- Organ / stage
- maturity stage (R6)e3
- Outcome
- RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Irrespective of the irrigation water, RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage and decreased with approaching the maturity stage (R6) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of NiR and GOGAT decreased as the crop approached the maturity stage (R6) in maize.
- Organ / stage
- maturity stage (R6)e3
- Outcome
- nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Irrespective of the irrigation water, RubisCo, glutamine synthase (GS), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities increased with increasing N fertilizer up to the V9 growth stage and decreased with approaching the maturity stage (R6) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HW irrigation, soil total N, GOGAT and soil nitrate were positively correlated with N factors.
- Treatment
- N factorse4
- Outcome
- soil total N, GOGAT, soil nitratee4
- Direction
- positively correlatede4
- Qualifier
- In HW irrigatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In HW irrigation, soil total N, GOGAT, soil nitrate (NO 3 −_ N), leached nitrate (LNO 3 −_ N), root N (RN), leaf N (LN) were positively correlated with N factors suggesting the higher losses of N through leaching (11.3%) compared to LW irrigation”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HW irrigation, leached nitrate, root N and leaf N were positively correlated with N factors.
- Treatment
- N factorse4
- Outcome
- leached nitrate (LNO 3 −_ N), root N (RN), leaf N (LN)e4
- Direction
- positively correlatede4
- Qualifier
- In HW irrigatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In HW irrigation, soil total N, GOGAT, soil nitrate (NO 3 −_ N), leached nitrate (LNO 3 −_ N), root N (RN), leaf N (LN) were positively correlated with N factors suggesting the higher losses of N through leaching (11.3%) compared to LW irrigation”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
HW irrigation showed 11.3% higher N losses through leaching than LW irrigation in maize.
- Treatment
- HW irrigatione4
- Outcome
- losses of N through leachinge4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 11.3%e4
- Comparator
- LW irrigatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In HW irrigation, soil total N, GOGAT, soil nitrate (NO 3 −_ N), leached nitrate (LNO 3 −_ N), root N (RN), leaf N (LN) were positively correlated with N factors suggesting the higher losses of N through leaching (11.3%) compared to LW irrigation”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide were negatively correlated with the other enzymatic activities under both LW and HW irrigation.
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 − )e5
- Direction
- negatively correlatede5
- Qualifier
- both under LW and HW irrigatione5
- Comparator
- the other enzymatic activitiese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 − ), and proline were negatively correlated with the other enzymatic activities both under LW and HW irrigation”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline was negatively correlated with the other enzymatic activities under both LW and HW irrigation.
- Outcome
- prolinee5
- Direction
- negatively correlatede5
- Qualifier
- both under LW and HW irrigatione5
- Comparator
- the other enzymatic activitiese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 − ), and proline were negatively correlated with the other enzymatic activities both under LW and HW irrigation”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimizing NO3-N leaching is possibly correlated with the LW and N300 combination in maize, without compromising yield benefit.
- Treatment
- LW and N300 combinatione6
- Outcome
- NO 3 −_ N leachinge6
- Direction
- minimizinge6
- Qualifier
- without compromising the yield benefit and improving enzyme activitiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“minimizing the NO 3 −_ N leaching is possibly correlated with the LW and N300 combination without compromising the yield benefit and improving enzyme activities”
t0“maize growth”
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