Abstract
Abstract Sunflower plants need nitrogen consistently and in higher amount for optimum growth and development. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sunflower crop is low due to various nitrogen (N) losses. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the advanced strategies to minimize N losses and also improve sunflower productivity under arid climatic conditions. A field trial was conducted with four slow release nitrogenous fertilizers [SRNF (bacterial, neem, and sulfur-coated urea and N loaded biochar)] and three N levels (100% = 148 kg N ha −1 , 80% = 118 kg N ha −1 , and 60% = 89 kg N ha −1 ) of recommended application (100%) for sunflower crop under arid climatic conditions. Results showed that neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 ) at 60–75 days after sowing (DAS); leaf area index (2.12, 3.62, 5.97, and 3.00) at 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS; and total dry matter (14.27, 26.29, 122.67, 410, and 604.33 g m −2 ) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Furthermore, higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m −2 s −1 ), transpiration rate (3.66 mmol s −1 ), and leaf stomatal conductance (0.39 mol m −2 s −1 ) were recorded for the same treatment. Similarly, neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 ), biological yield (9000 kg ha −1 ), and harvest index (25.8%) of the sunflower crop. Among various N fertilizers, neem-coated urea showed maximum NUE (20.20 kg achene yield kg −1 N applied) in comparison to other slow release N fertilizers. Similarly, nitrogen increment N 60 showed maximum NUE (22.40 kg grain yield kg −1 N applied) in comparison to N 80 and N 100 . In conclusion, neem-coated urea with 100% and 80% of recommended N would be recommended for farmers to get better sunflower productivity with sustainable production and to reduce the environmental nitrogen losses.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 increased crop growth rate to 19.16 g m −2 d −1.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.16 g m −2 d −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea enhanced leaf area index at four sampled dates.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 2.12, 3.62, 5.97, and 3.00e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area index (2.12, 3.62, 5.97, and 3.00) at 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea increased total dry matter across five dates.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- total dry mattere0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 14.27, 26.29, 122.67, 410, and 604.33 g m −2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total dry matter (14.27, 26.29, 122.67, 410, and 604.33 g m −2 ) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea gave a higher net leaf photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- net leaf photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 25.2 µmol m −2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m −2 s −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m −2 s −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea gave higher transpiration.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.66 mmol s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transpiration rate (3.66 mmol s −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m −2 s −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea gave higher stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- leaf stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 0.39 mol m −2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf stomatal conductance (0.39 mol m −2 s −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m −2 s −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- achene yielde0
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 2322 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea produced maximum biological yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 9000 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biological yield (9000 kg ha −1 )”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea produced maximum harvest index.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 25.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvest index (25.8%)”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem-coated urea yielded the highest nitrogen use efficiency among the fertilizer formulations.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- neem-coated ureae2
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 20.20 kg achene yield kg −1 N appliede0
- Comparator
- other slow release N fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem-coated urea showed maximum NUE (20.20 kg achene yield kg −1 N applied) in comparison to other slow release N fertilizers”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha −1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m −2 d −1 )”
e3“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
N 60 yielded maximum nitrogen use efficiency compared with N 80 and N 100.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- N 60e0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 22.40 kg grain yield kg −1 N appliede0
- Comparator
- N 80 and N 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N 60 showed maximum NUE (22.40 kg grain yield kg −1 N applied) in comparison to N 80 and N 100”
t0“sunflower”
e2“neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend neem-coated urea at 100% or 80% of recommended nitrogen for sunflower productivity and lower nitrogen losses.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- neem-coated urea with 100% and 80% of recommended Ne0
- Outcome
- better sunflower productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem-coated urea with 100% and 80% of recommended N would be recommended for farmers to get better sunflower productivity with sustainable production and to reduce the environmental nitrogen losses”
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