Abstract
Abstract Background The cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus is the major postharvest insect pest of cowpea seeds in storage. This had led to huge losses and quality deterioration of stored cowpea seeds that serve as poor man’s meat in lieu of expensive meat source in developing countries. This research was carried out to evaluate the bioefficacy of rice husk, maize cob, groundnut, and cowpea pods against C. maculatus in the laboratory. Adult insect mortality, eggs laid, adult emergence, damaged seeds, weight loss and beetle perforation index (BPI) were evaluated. Phytochemicals of the wastes were investigated. Results The result showed that the agricultural wastes contained alkaloids (1.56–2.77 mg/g), saponin (1.51–3.38 mg/g), phytate (7.00–17.76 mg/g), oxalate (0.32–1.13 mg/g). All agricultural wastes showed a high mortality effect on C. maculatus , and their effects increased as the exposure time and concentration/ dosage increased. Beetle mortality was highest in cowpea pod with 80% mortality for powder after 3 and 4 days when applied at 0.5 g/20 g cowpea seed. This showed that cowpea pod powder has the greatest insecticidal activity while the least was observed in maize cob powder (73.33%). Fewer adults emerged with maize cob having the least emergence when applied at 0.2–0.5 g dosage. Extracts of all agricultural wastes tested against C. maculatus were able to affect 70–100% mortality after 4 days of application at concentration 0.5 ml with cowpea pod extract causing 100% mortality of beetle after 4 days of application. The calculated lethal dose (LD 50 and LD 90 ) and concentrations (LC 50 and LC 90 ) of wastes powders and extracts cowpea pod was observed to have the lowest lethal dose while maize cob wastes were the highest across all period of exposure. Conclusion Base on the results obtained, cowpea pod waste was the most toxic in biocontrol of C. maculatus .
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The agro-wastes contained alkaloids, saponin and phytate at reported ranges.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Outcome
- alkaloidse0
- Value
- 1.56–2.77 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agricultural wastes contained alkaloids (1.56–2.77 mg/g), saponin (1.51–3.38 mg/g), phytate (7.00–17.76 mg/g)”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
All agricultural wastes caused high C. maculatus mortality, increasing with exposure time and dosage.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- agricultural wastese0
- Interactor
- C. maculatus
Callosobruchus maculatuse0pest - Outcome
- mortality effect on C. maculatuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All agricultural wastes showed a high mortality effect on C. maculatus , and their effects increased as the exposure time and concentration/ dosage increased”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea pod powder yielded 80% beetle mortality after 3 and 4 days at 0.5 g/20 g seed.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea pode0
- Interactor
- beetlet0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- after 3 and 4 days when applied at 0.5 g/20 g cowpea seede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea pod with 80% mortality for powder after 3 and 4 days when applied at 0.5 g/20 g cowpea seed”
t0“cowpea beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize cob powder had the lowest insecticidal activity, with 73.33% beetle mortality.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- maize cob powdere0
- Interactor
- cowpea beetlet0pest
- Outcome
- leaste0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 73.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the least was observed in maize cob powder (73.33%)”
t0“cowpea beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize cob gave the least adult emergence at 0.2–0.5 g dosage.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- maize cobe0
- Interactor
- cowpea beetlet0pest
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- 0.2–0.5 g dosagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer adults emerged with maize cob having the least emergence when applied at 0.2–0.5 g dosage”
t0“cowpea beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea pod extract caused 100% beetle mortality after four days at 0.5 ml.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea pod extracte0
- Interactor
- beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of beetlee0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- after 4 days of applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea pod extract causing 100% mortality of beetle after 4 days of application”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea pod waste had the lowest lethal dose and maize cob waste the highest.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea pode0
- Interactor
- cowpea beetlet0pest
- Outcome
- lethal dosee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- maize cob wastese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea pod was observed to have the lowest lethal dose while maize cob wastes were the highest across all period of exposure”
t0“cowpea beetle”
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