Abstract
Field experiments were conducted, aiming to evaluate whether the late-season foliar urea application (35 kg N ha−1) is effective in improving grain yield and protein-related quality in ten common wheat cultivars during two consecutive growing seasons. On average, late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields, thousand kernel, and hectolitre weight. The total grain protein significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 17.5% under urea application, while dough mixing behaviour was improved by increasing flour water absorption and reducing the degree of softening. Considering dough elastic properties, the changes in dough energy and maximum resistance under urea application were strongly cultivar dependent and their values compared to control varying from −12.7% to +42.4% and −25.1% to +7.7%, respectively. The distribution of grain storage proteins was significantly influenced by late urea application, but to a lesser extent than the total grain proteins. The proportion of total gliadins, α- and γ-gliadins increased by 5.3%, 5.8%, and 6.5%, respectively, while total glutenins and high-molecular weight glutenins decreased by 4.5% and 7.4%, respectively. In summary, the late-season application of urea has greatly improved the protein-related quality without considerable disruption of the storage proteins composition.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season urea application significantly increased grain yield, thousand kernel weight and hectolitre weight of common wheat in field experiments.
- Taxon
- common wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- ten common wheat cultivarse1
- Organ / stage
- graine2
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- grain yields, thousand kernel, and hectolitre weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Field experimentse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“On average, late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields, thousand kernel, and hectolitre weight”
e3“Field experiments were conducted”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea application increased total grain protein of common wheat by 17.5%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- graine4
- Treatment
- urea applicatione4
- Outcome
- total grain proteine4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 17.5%e4
- Setting
- Field experimentse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e3“Field experiments were conducted”
e4“The total grain protein significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 17.5% under urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application improved dough mixing behaviour of common wheat by increasing flour water absorption and reducing degree of softening.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- dough mixing behavioure5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Qualifier
- by increasing flour water absorption and reducing the degree of softeninge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e5“while dough mixing behaviour was improved by increasing flour water absorption and reducing the degree of softening”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea application, the change in dough energy relative to control ranged from −12.7% to +42.4% depending on cultivar.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- under urea applicatione6
- Outcome
- dough energye6
- Value
- −12.7% to +42.4%e6
- Qualifier
- strongly cultivar dependente6
- Comparator
- controle6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e6“the changes in dough energy and maximum resistance under urea application were strongly cultivar dependent and their values compared to control varying from −12.7% to +42.4% and −25.1% to +7.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea application, the change in dough maximum resistance relative to control ranged from −25.1% to +7.7% depending on cultivar.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- under urea applicatione6
- Outcome
- maximum resistancee6
- Value
- −25.1% to +7.7%e6
- Qualifier
- strongly cultivar dependente6
- Comparator
- controle6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e6“the changes in dough energy and maximum resistance under urea application were strongly cultivar dependent and their values compared to control varying from −12.7% to +42.4% and −25.1% to +7.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application significantly influenced the distribution of grain storage proteins of common wheat, to a lesser extent than total grain protein.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- grain storage proteinse7
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione7
- Outcome
- distribution of grain storage proteinse7
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extent than the total grain proteinse7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e7“The distribution of grain storage proteins was significantly influenced by late urea application, but to a lesser extent than the total grain proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application increased the proportion of total gliadins in common wheat by 5.3%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- proportion of total gliadinse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 5.3%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e3“The proportion of total gliadins, α- and γ-gliadins increased by 5.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application increased α-gliadins of common wheat by 5.8%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- α- and γ-gliadinse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 5.8%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e4“α- and γ-gliadins increased by 5.3%, 5.8%, and 6.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application increased γ-gliadins of common wheat by 6.5%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- γ-gliadinse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 6.5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e4“α- and γ-gliadins increased by 5.3%, 5.8%, and 6.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application decreased total glutenins of common wheat by 4.5%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- total gluteninse4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 4.5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e4“total glutenins and high-molecular weight glutenins decreased by 4.5% and 7.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Late urea application decreased high-molecular weight glutenins of common wheat by 7.4%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- high-molecular weight gluteninse4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 7.4%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ten common wheat cultivars”
e2“late urea application significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields”
e4“total glutenins and high-molecular weight glutenins decreased by 4.5% and 7.4%, respectively”
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See all 454 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.