Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a dispensable element that can be absorbed by crops, posing a threat to human health through the food chains. Melatonin (MT), as a plant growth regulator, has been used to alleviate Cd toxicity in many plant species; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for Cd toxicity in wheat are still poorly understood. In this study, the suitable exogenous MT concentration (50 μM) was screened to mitigate Cd toxicity of wheat plants by increasing the plant height, root length, fresh or dry weight and chlorophyll content, or decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In addition, MT application significantly increased ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) content by reducing ROS production, especially in roots, further decreasing Cd content in fraction of organelles. Moreover, the expression levels of ASA-GSH synthesis genes, APX, GR, and GST were significantly increased by 171.5%, 465.2%, and 256.8% in roots, respectively, whereas GSH, DHAR, or MDHAR were significantly decreased by 48.5%, 54.3%, or 60.0% in roots under MT + Cd stress. However, the expression levels of Cd-induced metal transporter genes TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggesting that MT alleviate Cd toxicity in wheat by enhancing ASA-GSH metabolism, suppressing Cd transporter gene expression, and regulating Cd uptake and translocation in wheat plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin at 50 μM increased wheat plant height, root length and fresh or dry weight under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- MT concentration (50 μM)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, root length, fresh or dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- Cd toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous MT concentration (50 μM) was screened to mitigate Cd toxicity of wheat plants by increasing the plant height, root length, fresh or dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased chlorophyll content in wheat under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MT concentration (50 μM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- Cd toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT concentration (50 μM) was screened to mitigate Cd toxicity of wheat plants by increasing the plant height, root length, fresh or dry weight and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased malondialdehyde content in wheat under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Qualifier
- Cd toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity of wheat plants by increasing the plant height, root length, fresh or dry weight and chlorophyll content, or decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content”
e1“MT application”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased ascorbic acid and glutathione contents in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MT applicatione0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT application significantly increased ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) content”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced ROS production in wheat, particularly in roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT applicatione1
- Outcome
- ROS productione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by reducing ROS production, especially in roots”
e1“MT application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased cadmium content in wheat organelle fractions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MT applicatione1
- Outcome
- Cd content in fraction of organellese0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further decreasing Cd content in fraction of organelles”
e1“MT application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH expression in wheat roots decreased by 48.5% under melatonin and cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- GSHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH, DHAR, or MDHAR were significantly decreased by 48.5%, 54.3%, or 60.0% in roots under MT + Cd stress”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DHAR expression in wheat roots decreased by 54.3% under melatonin and cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- DHARe0
- Outcome
- DHARe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 54.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH, DHAR, or MDHAR were significantly decreased by 48.5%, 54.3%, or 60.0% in roots under MT + Cd stress”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
MDHAR expression in wheat roots decreased by 60.0% under melatonin and cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- MDHARe0
- Outcome
- MDHARe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSH, DHAR, or MDHAR were significantly decreased by 48.5%, 54.3%, or 60.0% in roots under MT + Cd stress”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNramp1 expression in wheat roots decreased by 53.7% under melatonin and cadmium stress compared with cadmium alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- TaNramp1e0
- Outcome
- TaNramp1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 53.7%e0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNramp5 expression in wheat roots decreased by 50.1% under melatonin and cadmium stress compared with cadmium alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- TaNramp5e0
- Outcome
- TaNramp5e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50.1%e0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaHMA2 expression in wheat roots decreased by 86.5% under melatonin and cadmium stress compared with cadmium alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- TaHMA2e0
- Outcome
- TaHMA2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 86.5%e0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaHMA3 expression in wheat roots decreased by 87.2% under melatonin and cadmium stress compared with cadmium alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- TaHMA3e0
- Outcome
- TaHMA3e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 87.2%e0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TaLCT1 expression in wheat roots decreased by 94.5% under melatonin and cadmium stress compared with cadmium alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- MT + Cd stresse0
- Gene
- TaLCT1e0
- Outcome
- TaLCT1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 94.5%e0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, and TaLCT1 were significantly decreased by 53.7%, 50.1%, 86.5%, 87.2%, and 94.5% in roots under MT + Cd stress compared with alone Cd treatment”
t0“wheat”
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