Abstract
Integrated management of rice-maize systems is an emerging challenge in southern India due to improper rice residues and tillage management in maize crops. Conservation agriculture (CA) practices such as a reduced tillage and maintaining stubble mulch may hold the potential to increase yields, reduce crop establishment costs and increase farm incomes. A five-year trial was performed to study the effect of different CA and establishment methods in rice on system productivity, profitability, and soil carbon status in a rice-maize system. In the rainy season, the trial consisted of two main treatments: (i) normal manual transplanting and (ii) direct-wet seeding, and three sub-main treatments at different sowing dates with fifteen day intervals. In addition, in the winter season, two tillage treatments (conventional and minimum tillage) were imposed over the rainy season treatments. Both rice and maize were grown under irrigated conditions. The results showed that sowing times at 15 day intervals did not impact the yield significantly. Transplanted rice obtained a significantly higher grain yield during the first four years, but in the last year, the yield was similar in both of the establishment methods. In the winter season, conventional tilled maize recorded a higher cob yield than under the minimum tilled treatment, except for the last year, where both the tillage treatment effects were the same. System productivity of CA-based minimum tilled rice-maize was inferior during the first three years but was superior to the conventionally tilled method in the fourth and fifth year. Pooled analysis revealed that the conventionally tilled rice-maize system resulted in a similar system productivity as that of the CA during the study period. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that transplanted rice and conventionally tilled maize fetched higher net returns of INR 111,074 and INR 101,658/ha, respectively, over the direct-wet seeded rice and CA. In addition, the 15 July rice sown followed by the maize system led to an increase in irrigation water productivity by 15.7%, and the total water (irrigation + rainfall) productivity by 27.1% in the maize crop compared with the 30 July sown system. The CA-based rice-maize system resulted in a significantly higher very labile (0.194%) and labile (0.196%) carbon concentration at a 0-5 cm depth of soil compared to those under the conventional system. Thus, CA can be recommended for southern India and similar agro-ecological tropic and sub-tropic conditions. This system can be followed with appropriate location-specific modification in South-Asian countries, where crop yields and soil health are declining as a result of continuous cereal-cereal crop rotation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Rice sowing at 15-day intervals had no significant yield effect.
- Taxon
- Rice–Maize
Oryza sativa
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- sowing times at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing times at 15 day intervals did not impact the yield significantly”
t0“Rice–Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted rice had significantly higher grain yield than direct-wet seeded rice in the first four years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Transplanted ricee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- first four yearse0
- Comparator
- direct-wet seedinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transplanted rice obtained a significantly higher grain yield during the first four years”
e1“normal manual transplanting and (ii) direct-wet seeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield was similar for both establishment methods in the last year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- transplantinge1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- last yeare0
- Comparator
- direct-wet seedinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the last year, the yield was similar in both of the establishment methods”
e1“transplanting and (ii) direct-wet seeding”
e2“Transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave maize a higher cob yield than minimum tillage except in the last year.
- Treatment
- conventional tillede0
- Outcome
- cob yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except for the last yeare0
- Comparator
- minimum tilled treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tilled maize recorded a higher cob yield than under the minimum tilled treatment, except for the last year”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum-tilled rice–maize system productivity was inferior to conventional tillage in the first three years.
Verbatim
e0“System productivity of CA-based minimum tilled rice-maize was inferior during the first three years but was superior to the conventionally tilled method in the fourth and fifth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum-tilled rice–maize system productivity surpassed conventional tillage in the fourth and fifth years.
Verbatim
e0“System productivity of CA-based minimum tilled rice-maize was inferior during the first three years but was superior to the conventionally tilled method in the fourth and fifth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Pooled system productivity was similar between conventional tillage and conservation agriculture.
Verbatim
e0“the conventionally tilled rice-maize system resulted in a similar system productivity as that of the CA during the study period”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted rice produced higher net returns than direct-wet seeded rice, at INR 111,074.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- transplanted ricee0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- INR 111,074e0
- Comparator
- direct-wet seeded ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transplanted rice and conventionally tilled maize fetched higher net returns of INR 111,074 and INR 101,658/ha, respectively, over the direct-wet seeded rice and CA”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventionally tilled maize produced higher net returns than conservation agriculture, at INR 101,658/ha.
- Treatment
- conventionally tilled maizee0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- INR 101,658/hae0
- Comparator
- CAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transplanted rice and conventionally tilled maize fetched higher net returns of INR 111,074 and INR 101,658/ha, respectively, over the direct-wet seeded rice and CA”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing rice on 15 July before maize increased maize irrigation water productivity by 15.7% versus 30 July sowing.
- Treatment
- 15 July rice sown followed by the maize systeme0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15.7%e0
- Comparator
- 30 July sown systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 15 July rice sown followed by the maize system led to an increase in irrigation water productivity by 15.7%, and the total water (irrigation + rainfall) productivity by 27.1% in the maize crop compared with the 30 July sown system”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing rice on 15 July before maize increased maize total water productivity by 27.1% versus 30 July sowing.
- Treatment
- 15 July rice sown followed by the maize systeme0
- Outcome
- total water (irrigation + rainfall) productivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27.1%e0
- Comparator
- 30 July sown systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 15 July rice sown followed by the maize system led to an increase in irrigation water productivity by 15.7%, and the total water (irrigation + rainfall) productivity by 27.1% in the maize crop compared with the 30 July sown system”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture produced significantly higher very labile soil carbon at 0–5 cm than conventional management, at 0.194%.
Verbatim
e0“The CA-based rice-maize system resulted in a significantly higher very labile (0.194%) and labile (0.196%) carbon concentration at a 0-5 cm depth of soil compared to those under the conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture produced significantly higher labile soil carbon at 0–5 cm than conventional management, at 0.196%.
Verbatim
e0“The CA-based rice-maize system resulted in a significantly higher very labile (0.194%) and labile (0.196%) carbon concentration at a 0-5 cm depth of soil compared to those under the conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend conservation agriculture for southern India and similar tropical and subtropical conditions with local modifications.
- Taxon
- Rice–MaizeOryza sativaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- CA can be recommendede0
- Qualifier
- appropriate location-specific modification in South-Asian countriese0
- Setting
- southern Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CA can be recommended for southern India and similar agro-ecological tropic and sub-tropic conditions. This system can be followed with appropriate location-specific modification in South-Asian countries”
t0“Rice–Maize”
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