Abstract
Long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer induces secondary salinization of soil, which results in inhibiting plant growth. In addition, soil moisture deficiency also affects plant growth. To investigate the effects of excessive nitrogen fertilizer and soil moisture deficiency on the antioxidant enzyme system, plant water relations analyzed through pressure-volume (P-V) curve, and photosynthetic light response parameters in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Myoko) seedlings, an indoor experiment of about 50 d was conducted using two irrigation water amounts based on field capacity (soil moisture deficiency: 50%-80%; adequate water: 70%-80%), two nitrogen fertilizer rates (moderate nitrogen; excessive nitrogen fertilizer: 0.585 g/pot) and two types of irrigation water (tap water and microbial diluent). The results showed that excessive nitrogen fertilizer (N) and soil moisture deficiency (W) reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings. In comparison to CK (combination of adequate water and tap water quality), microbial dilution (EM) increased plant biomass by 5.2%. Also, the nitrogen application increased chlorophyll relative contents (SPAD). The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount. Excessive nitrogen application increased the plant nitrate reductase activity (NR). The plant NR in the N treatment showed a 13.0% increase compared to CK, and the plant NR in the treatment of nitrogen application with water deficiency (WN) increased 34.0% compared to water deficiency (W). After applying excessive nitrogen, N, EM-N, WN, EM-WN respectively increased the plant nitrate reductase activity by 13.0%, 22.9%, 34.0%, and 28.6%, compared with the corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogen (i.e., CK, EM, W and EM-W). In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)] in four treatments of nitrogen application (N, EM-N, WN, EM-WN) also increased significantly. Both soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affect the parameters of osmotic adjustment, which is manifested in the reduction of osmotic potential (πFT), and the increase in the osmotic concentration (Cosm) and concentration difference (ΔCosm). But the decrease in the relative water content of apoplast (ζap) indicated that water deficiency and excessive nitrogen reduced the water absorption and water retention capacity of tomatoes to a certain extent. In conclusion, excessive nitrogen application and soil moisture deficiency inhibit plant growth significantly in this experiment. Meanwhile, microbial dilution can alleviate excessive nitrogen fertilizer and water stress to some extent, but the effect was not significant. Keywords: antioxidant enzyme, nitrogen, osmotic adjustment, pressure-volume curve, stress, tomato, water DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221502.5555 Citation: Zhang Y J, Yu S E, Li Z J, Chang T T, Xu Q C, Xu H L, et al. Effects of excessive nitrogen fertilizer and soil moisture deficiency on antioxidant enzyme system and osmotic adjustment in tomato seedlings. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(2): 127–134.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen fertilizer reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- excessive nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- biomass of tomato seedlingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive nitrogen fertilizer (N) and soil moisture deficiency (W) reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture deficiency reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soil moisture deficiencye0
- Outcome
- biomass of tomato seedlingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive nitrogen fertilizer (N) and soil moisture deficiency (W) reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial dilution (EM) increased tomato plant biomass by 5.2% compared with CK (adequate water with tap water).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- microbial dilution (EM)e0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.2%e0
- Comparator
- CK (combination of adequate water and tap water quality)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison to CK (combination of adequate water and tap water quality), microbial dilution (EM) increased plant biomass by 5.2%”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application increased chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll relative contents (SPAD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nitrogen application increased chlorophyll relative contents (SPAD)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) of tomato decreased with nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) of tomato increased with EM application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EM applicatione0
- Outcome
- maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) of tomato increased with irrigation amount.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation amounte0
- Outcome
- maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pc) decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen application increased plant nitrate reductase activity (NR) in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Excessive nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant nitrate reductase activity (NR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excessive nitrogen application increased the plant nitrate reductase activity (NR)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant NR in the excessive-nitrogen (N) treatment was 13.0% higher than in CK.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant NRe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 13.0%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant NR in the N treatment showed a 13.0% increase compared to CK”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant NR in nitrogen application with water deficiency (WN) increased 34.0% compared with water deficiency (W).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen application with water deficiency (WN)e0
- Outcome
- plant NRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.0%e0
- Comparator
- water deficiency (W)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plant NR in the treatment of nitrogen application with water deficiency (WN) increased 34.0% compared to water deficiency (W)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In the EM-N treatment, excessive nitrogen increased plant nitrate reductase activity by 22.9% relative to the corresponding moderate-nitrogen treatment (EM).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EM-Ne0
- Outcome
- plant nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.9%e0
- Comparator
- corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After applying excessive nitrogen, N, EM-N, WN, EM-WN respectively increased the plant nitrate reductase activity by 13.0%, 22.9%, 34.0%, and 28.6%, compared with the corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogen”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In the EM-WN treatment, excessive nitrogen increased plant nitrate reductase activity by 28.6% relative to the corresponding moderate-nitrogen treatment (EM-W).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EM-WNe0
- Outcome
- plant nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.6%e0
- Comparator
- corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After applying excessive nitrogen, N, EM-N, WN, EM-WN respectively increased the plant nitrate reductase activity by 13.0%, 22.9%, 34.0%, and 28.6%, compared with the corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogen”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT increased significantly in the four nitrogen application treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)] in four treatments of nitrogen application (N, EM-N, WN, EM-WN) also increased significantly”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly reduced the osmotic potential (πFT) of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- osmotic potential (πFT)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affect the parameters of osmotic adjustment, which is manifested in the reduction of osmotic potential (πFT)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the osmotic concentration (Cosm) and concentration difference (ΔCosm).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- osmotic concentration (Cosm) and concentration difference (ΔCosm)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affect the parameters of osmotic adjustment, which is manifested in the reduction of osmotic potential (πFT), and the increase in the osmotic concentration (Cosm) and concentration difference (ΔCosm)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The relative water content of apoplast (ζap) decreased, indicating that water deficiency and excessive nitrogen reduced water absorption and retention capacity of tomatoes to a certain extent.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- water deficiency and excessive nitrogene0
- Outcome
- relative water content of apoplast (ζap)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease in the relative water content of apoplast (ζap) indicated that water deficiency and excessive nitrogen reduced the water absorption and water retention capacity of tomatoes”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial dilution alleviated excessive nitrogen fertilizer and water stress to some extent, but the effect was not significant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- microbial dilutione0
- Outcome
- excessive nitrogen fertilizer and water stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microbial dilution can alleviate excessive nitrogen fertilizer and water stress to some extent, but the effect was not significant”
t0“tomato seedlings”
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