Abstract
Abstract Ammannia multiflora Roxb. is a dominant broadleaf weed that is a serious problem in southern China rice fields, and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides have been used for its control for more than 20 years. Excessive reliance on ALS-inhibiting herbicides has led to herbicide resistance in A. multiflora . In this study, 10 A. multiflora populations from the Jiangsu Province of China were collected, and the resistance levels and target site–resistance mechanisms to ALS-inhibiting herbicides bensulfuron-methyl and penoxsulam were investigated. The dose–response assays showed that eight populations evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (9.1- to 90.9-fold) and penoxsulam (5.0- to 103.1-fold). Amplification of ALS genes indicated that there were three ALS genes ( AmALS1 , AmALS2 , and AmALS3 ) in A. multiflora . Sequence analysis revealed amino acid mutations at Pro-197 in either AmALS1 (Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Ser, and Pro-197-His) or AmALS2 (Pro-197-Ser and Pro-197-Arg) in resistant populations, and no mutations were found in AmALS3 . Moreover, two independent mutations (Pro-197-Ala in AmALS1 and Pro-197-Ser in AmALS2 or Pro-197-Ala in AmALS1 and Pro-197-Arg in AmALS2 ) coexisted in two resistant populations, respectively. In addition, the auxin mimic herbicides MCPA and florpyrauxifen-benzyl, the photosystem II inhibitor bentazon, and the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor carfentrazone-ethyl can effectively control the resistant A. multiflora populations. Our study demonstrates the wide prevalence of ALS inhibitor–resistant A. multiflora populations in Jiangsu Province and the diversity of Pro-197 mutations in ALS genes and provides alternative herbicide options for controlling resistant A. multiflora populations.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Eight Ammannia multiflora populations resisted bensulfuron-methyl by 9.1- to 90.9-fold.
- Taxon
- Ammannia multiflora Roxb.
Ammannia multiflorae1 - Material
- eight populationse0
- Treatment
- bensulfuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- resistance to bensulfuron-methyle0
- Value
- 9.1- to 90.9-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eight populations evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (9.1- to 90.9-fold) and penoxsulam (5.0- to 103.1-fold).”
e1“Ammannia multiflora Roxb.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight Ammannia multiflora populations resisted penoxsulam by 5.0- to 103.1-fold.
- Taxon
- Ammannia multiflora Roxb.Ammannia multiflorae1
- Material
- eight populationse0
- Treatment
- penoxsulame0
- Outcome
- penoxsulame0
- Value
- 5.0- to 103.1-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eight populations evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (9.1- to 90.9-fold) and penoxsulam (5.0- to 103.1-fold).”
e1“Ammannia multiflora Roxb.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three ALS genes, AmALS1, AmALS2 and AmALS3, were found in A. multiflora.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae0
- Gene
- AmALS1 , AmALS2 , and AmALS3e0
- Outcome
- three ALS genese0
- Value
- threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were three ALS genes ( AmALS1 , AmALS2 , and AmALS3 ) in A. multiflora .”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant populations had Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Ser or Pro-197-His mutations in AmALS1.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae1
- Material
- resistant populationse0
- Gene
- AmALS1e0
- Outcome
- Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Ser, and Pro-197-Hise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amino acid mutations at Pro-197 in either AmALS1 (Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Ser, and Pro-197-His) or AmALS2 (Pro-197-Ser and Pro-197-Arg) in resistant populations”
e1“in A. multiflora . In this study”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant populations had Pro-197-Ser or Pro-197-Arg mutations in AmALS2.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae1
- Material
- resistant populationse0
- Gene
- AmALS2e0
- Outcome
- Pro-197-Ser and Pro-197-Arge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amino acid mutations at Pro-197 in either AmALS1 (Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Ser, and Pro-197-His) or AmALS2 (Pro-197-Ser and Pro-197-Arg) in resistant populations”
e1“in A. multiflora . In this study”
Claim · model-written summary
No mutations were found in AmALS3.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae1
- Gene
- AmALS3e0
- Outcome
- no mutationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no mutations were found in AmALS3”
e1“in A. multiflora . In this study”
Claim · model-written summary
Two resistant populations each carried two independent Pro-197 mutations in AmALS1 and AmALS2.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae1
- Material
- two resistant populationse0
- Gene
- AmALS1 and Pro-197-Ser in AmALS2e0
- Outcome
- two independent mutationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two independent mutations (Pro-197-Ala in AmALS1 and Pro-197-Ser in AmALS2 or Pro-197-Ala in AmALS1 and Pro-197-Arg in AmALS2 ) coexisted in two resistant populations”
e1“in A. multiflora . In this study”
Claim · model-written summary
MCPA effectively controlled resistant A. multiflora populations.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae0
- Treatment
- MCPAe0
- Outcome
- control the resistant A. multiflora populationse0
- Direction
- effectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MCPA and florpyrauxifen-benzyl, the photosystem II inhibitor bentazon, and the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor carfentrazone-ethyl can effectively control the resistant A. multiflora populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Florpyrauxifen-benzyl effectively controlled resistant A. multiflora populations.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae0
- Treatment
- florpyrauxifen-benzyle0
- Outcome
- control the resistant A. multiflora populationse0
- Direction
- effectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MCPA and florpyrauxifen-benzyl, the photosystem II inhibitor bentazon, and the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor carfentrazone-ethyl can effectively control the resistant A. multiflora populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentazon effectively controlled resistant A. multiflora populations.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae0
- Treatment
- bentazone0
- Outcome
- control the resistant A. multiflora populationse0
- Direction
- effectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the photosystem II inhibitor bentazon, and the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor carfentrazone-ethyl can effectively control the resistant A. multiflora populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone-ethyl effectively controlled resistant A. multiflora populations.
- Taxon
- A. multifloraAmmannia multiflorae0
- Treatment
- carfentrazone-ethyle0
- Outcome
- control the resistant A. multiflora populationse0
- Direction
- effectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor carfentrazone-ethyl can effectively control the resistant A. multiflora populations.”