Abstract
Abstract Field trails in 2002 and 2003 were performed to determine the efficacy of maize flour-based granular formulations with ultralow rates of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 g [AI]/ha), for control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico. Spinosad formulations were compared with a chemical standard, a commercial granular formulation of chlorpyrifos (150 g [AI]/ha). In both years, application of spinosad resulted in excellent levels of control, indicated by the number of living S. frugiperda larvae recovered from experimental plots. The efficacy of spinosad applied at 0.3 and 1.0 g (AI)/ha was very similar to that of chlorpyrifos. Natural reinfestation caused S. frugiperda numbers in insecticide treated plots to return to values similar to the control treatment by 10–15 d postapplication. Many spinosad-intoxicated larvae collected in the field died later in the laboratory in 2002, but not in 2003. Percentage mortality due to parasitoid emergence did not differ in any treatment in either field trial. The number of parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperda collected in each treatment was significantly reduced after application of spinosad (all rates) or chlorpyrifos due to a reduction in the number of host larvae. Parasitoid numbers returned to control values by 9–15 d postapplication in all treatments. The most prevalent parasitoid was the braconid Chelonus insularis Cresson, which represented ≈80% of emerging parasitoids in both years. We conclude that appropriate formulation technology can greatly enhance the performance of this naturally derived, biorational insecticide.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad granules gave excellent control of Spodoptera frugiperda in maize in both years, judged by living larvae recovered from plots.
- Treatment
- application of spinosade1
- Interactor
- S. frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae1pest - Outcome
- number of living S. frugiperda larvaee1
- Direction
- excellent levels of controle1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“In both years, application of spinosad resulted in excellent levels of control, indicated by the number of living S. frugiperda larvae recovered from experimental plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad at 0.3 and 1.0 g (AI)/ha had efficacy very similar to chlorpyrifos.
- Treatment
- spinosad applied at 0.3 and 1.0 g (AI)/hae1
- Outcome
- efficacye1
- Direction
- very similare1
- Comparator
- chlorpyrifose1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“The efficacy of spinosad applied at 0.3 and 1.0 g (AI)/ha was very similar to that of chlorpyrifos”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural reinfestation brought S. frugiperda numbers in insecticide-treated plots back to values similar to the control by 10-15 days after application.
- Treatment
- insecticide treated plotse1
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- S. frugiperda numberse1
- Direction
- return to values similare1
- Qualifier
- 10–15 d postapplicatione1
- Comparator
- the control treatmente1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“Natural reinfestation caused S. frugiperda numbers in insecticide treated plots to return to values similar to the control treatment by 10–15 d postapplication”
Claim · model-written summary
Many spinosad-intoxicated larvae collected in the field died later in the laboratory in 2002 but not in 2003.
- Treatment
- spinosad-intoxicatede1
- Outcome
- died later in the laboratorye1
- Qualifier
- in 2002, but not in 2003e1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“Many spinosad-intoxicated larvae collected in the field died later in the laboratory in 2002, but not in 2003”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage mortality due to parasitoid emergence did not differ among treatments in either field trial.
- Treatment
- any treatmente1
- Interactor
- parasitoide1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Percentage mortality due to parasitoid emergencee1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“Percentage mortality due to parasitoid emergence did not differ in any treatment in either field trial”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of parasitoids emerging from S. frugiperda was significantly reduced after spinosad (all rates), owing to fewer host larvae.
- Treatment
- spinosad (all rates)e1
- Interactor
- parasitoidse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperdae1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Qualifier
- due to a reduction in the number of host larvaee1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“The number of parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperda collected in each treatment was significantly reduced after application of spinosad (all rates) or chlorpyrifos due to a reduction in the number of host larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of parasitoids emerging from S. frugiperda was significantly reduced after chlorpyrifos, owing to fewer host larvae.
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifose1
- Interactor
- parasitoidse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperdae1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Qualifier
- due to a reduction in the number of host larvaee1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“The number of parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperda collected in each treatment was significantly reduced after application of spinosad (all rates) or chlorpyrifos due to a reduction in the number of host larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid numbers returned to control values by 9-15 days after application in all treatments.
- Treatment
- all treatmentse1
- Interactor
- Parasitoide1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid numberse1
- Direction
- returned to control valuese1
- Qualifier
- by 9–15 d postapplicatione1
- Comparator
- control valuese1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“Parasitoid numbers returned to control values by 9–15 d postapplication in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The braconid Chelonus insularis was the most prevalent parasitoid, about 80 percent of emerging parasitoids in both years.
- Interactor
- Chelonus insularis CressonChelonus insularise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- most prevalent parasitoide1
- Value
- ≈80%e1
- Setting
- southern Mexicoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“The most prevalent parasitoid was the braconid Chelonus insularis Cresson, which represented ≈80% of emerging parasitoids in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that appropriate formulation technology can greatly enhance the performance of the naturally derived biorational insecticide spinosad.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize, Zea mays L., in southern Mexico”
e1“We conclude that appropriate formulation technology can greatly enhance the performance of this naturally derived, biorational insecticide”
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