Abstract
SUMMARYTemperature and moisture requirements for germination of conidia and growth on agar were determined for 14 species of Penicillium isolated from corn kernels. Species isolated mainly from unharvested corn grew on agar from 8–35 C, optimally at 30–35 C, and could germinate and sporulate at RH of 86% and above. Species isolated mainly from stored corn grew on agar from –2 to 30–35 C, optimally at 23 C, and could germinate and sporulate at RH of 81–83%. Six species, P. oxalicum and P. funiculosum, the 2 chief field species, P. cyclopium, P. viridicatum and P. brevi-compactum, the 3 chief storage species, and P. expansum were inoculated in equal concentrations into NaClO-treated and untreated lots of 18 and 22% moisture corn (wet wt) and incubated for 13 weeks at 4–35 C. Penicillium funiculosum did not grow. Penicillium oxalicum grew only at 35 C in NaClO-treated 22% moisture corn. In treated and non-treated 22% corn, P. cyclopium and P. viridicatum grew consistently well from 4–30 C. Penicillium expansum initially grew well at these temperatures, but kernel infection decreased with time. Growth of P. brevi-compactum was sparse. At 18%, Penicillia did not grow at 4 C, and only P. brevi-compactum grew well at 16 and 23 C, less well at 30 C. Although not included in the inoculum, P. citrinum infected 100% of the untreated 22% moisture kernels at 35 C in 8 weeks. There appears to be a relationship between the temperature and moisture requirements of species of Penicillium and their occurrence in the field or in storage.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Field-associated Penicillium species grew at 8–35 C and optimally at 30–35 C on agar.
- Taxon
- Penicillium
Penicilliumt0 - Outcome
- grew on agare0
- Value
- 8–35 Ce0
- Qualifier
- optimally at 30–35 Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Species isolated mainly from unharvested corn grew on agar from 8–35 C, optimally at 30–35 C”
t0“Penicillium”
Claim · model-written summary
Field-associated species germinated and sporulated at RH of 86% and above.
- Taxon
- PenicilliumPenicilliumt0
- Outcome
- germinate and sporulatee0
- Value
- 86% and abovee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could germinate and sporulate at RH of 86% and above”
t0“Penicillium”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage-associated species grew from –2 to 30–35 C, optimally at 23 C.
- Taxon
- PenicilliumPenicilliumt0
- Outcome
- grew on agare0
- Value
- –2 to 30–35 Ce0
- Qualifier
- optimally at 23 Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Species isolated mainly from stored corn grew on agar from –2 to 30–35 C, optimally at 23 C”
t0“Penicillium”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage-associated species germinated and sporulated at RH of 81–83%.
- Taxon
- PenicilliumPenicilliumt0
- Outcome
- germinate and sporulatee0
- Value
- 81–83%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could germinate and sporulate at RH of 81–83%”
t0“Penicillium”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium funiculosum did not grow in inoculated corn.
- Taxon
- Penicillium funiculosumTalaromyces funiculosuse0
- Outcome
- did not growe0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium funiculosum did not grow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium oxalicum grew only at 35 C in treated 22% moisture corn.
- Taxon
- Penicillium oxalicum
Penicillium oxalicume0 - Treatment
- NaClO-treatede0
- Outcome
- grewe0
- Value
- 35 Ce0
- Qualifier
- 22% moisture corne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium oxalicum grew only at 35 C in NaClO-treated 22% moisture corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. cyclopium grew consistently well from 4–30 C in treated and untreated 22% moisture corn.
- Taxon
- P. cyclopiumPenicillium cyclopiume0
- Outcome
- grew consistently welle0
- Value
- 4–30 Ce0
- Qualifier
- treated and non-treated 22% corne0
Verbatim
e0“In treated and non-treated 22% corn, P. cyclopium and P. viridicatum grew consistently well from 4–30 C.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. viridicatum grew consistently well from 4–30 C in treated and untreated 22% moisture corn.
- Taxon
- P. viridicatumPenicillium viridicatume0
- Outcome
- grew consistently welle0
- Value
- 4–30 Ce0
- Qualifier
- treated and non-treated 22% corne0
Verbatim
e0“In treated and non-treated 22% corn, P. cyclopium and P. viridicatum grew consistently well from 4–30 C.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. expansum initially grew well but kernel infection decreased with time.
- Taxon
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0 - Outcome
- kernel infectione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- with timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium expansum initially grew well at these temperatures, but kernel infection decreased with time.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. brevi-compactum growth was sparse.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of P. brevi-compactum was sparse.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 18% moisture, Penicillia did not grow at 4 C.
Verbatim
e0“At 18%, Penicillia did not grow at 4 C”
Claim · model-written summary
At 18% moisture, only P. brevi-compactum grew well at 16 and 23 C and less well at 30 C.
Verbatim
e0“only P. brevi-compactum grew well at 16 and 23 C, less well at 30 C.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. citrinum infected all untreated 22% moisture kernels at 35 C within 8 weeks.
- Taxon
- P. citrinumPenicillium citrinume0
- Outcome
- infectede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- untreated 22% moisture kernels at 35 C in 8 weekse0
Verbatim
e0“P. citrinum infected 100% of the untreated 22% moisture kernels at 35 C in 8 weeks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and moisture requirements appear related to Penicillium occurrence in field or storage.
- Taxon
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0
- Outcome
- occurrence in the field or in storagee0
- Qualifier
- temperature and moisture requirementse0
- Setting
- field or in storagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There appears to be a relationship between the temperature and moisture requirements of species of Penicillium and their occurrence in the field or in storage.”