Abstract
Rotational-fit methods were used to examine shape variation in oak leaf morphology by reference to a set of 14 landmarks for each leaf. Within-tree, between-tree, and between-species variations were examined. Generalized least-squares and generalized resistant-fit analyses revealed patterns of landmark variation that could be related to leaf architecture. The two species (Quercus palustris and Q. velutina) did not illustrate the same patterns of within-tree variability nor did they reveal similar degrees of between-tree variability. Incorporating an affine transformation algorithm resulted in little insight in some comparisons but suggested strong uniform shape change in other comparisons (especially between species). Resistant-fit mean square statistics were equally variable 1) in upper vs. lower crown samples within trees, 2) between trees within each species, and 3) between species. In addition, resistant-fit mean square statistics were found to be a poor measure of similarity, whether derived by comparison to a single reference object or by way of pairwise comparisons. Fundamental species differences in leaf shape are suggested by relationships among particular sets of landmarks, although overall shape differences cannot be explained fully by these analyses.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Least-squares and resistant-fit analyses revealed leaf-architecture-related landmark patterns.
QuercusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generalized least-squares and generalized resistant-fit analyses revealed patterns of landmark variation that could be related to leaf architecture.”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
The two oak species differed in within-tree variability patterns.
- Taxon
- Quercus palustris
Quercus palustrise0 - Outcome
- patterns of within-tree variabilitye0
- Direction
- did not illustrate the samee0
- Comparator
- Q. velutinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two species (Quercus palustris and Q. velutina) did not illustrate the same patterns of within-tree variability”
Claim · model-written summary
The two oak species differed in degree of between-tree variability.
- Outcome
- degrees of between-tree variabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nor did they reveal similar degrees of between-tree variability.”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Affine transformation yielded little insight in some comparisons.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporating an affine transformation algorithm resulted in little insight in some comparisons”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Affine transformation suggested strong uniform shape change, especially between species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested strong uniform shape change in other comparisons (especially between species).”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant-fit mean square statistics varied equally among crown levels, trees and species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistant-fit mean square statistics were equally variable 1) in upper vs. lower crown samples within trees, 2) between trees within each species, and 3) between species.”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant-fit mean square statistics poorly measured similarity with either reference approach.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistant-fit mean square statistics were found to be a poor measure of similarity, whether derived by comparison to a single reference object or by way of pairwise comparisons.”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Relationships among landmarks suggested fundamental species differences in leaf shape.
- Outcome
- species differences in leaf shapee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fundamental species differences in leaf shape are suggested by relationships among particular sets of landmarks”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
The analyses could not fully explain overall shape differences.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall shape differences cannot be explained fully by these analyses.”
t0“Oak Leaf Morphology”