Abstract
Abstract The avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) is from an ancient plant lineage, the Lauraceae. Although evidence for human consumption dates back 15,000 years, commercialisation has occurred only over the last 150 years. The most commonly traded variety was first the green-skin ‘Fuerte’ (green as it ripens), and more recently ‘Hass’, on which skin darkens when ripe. Production has been increasing worldwide, and currently about 64 countries produce avocados. The range of climates is from arid to very high rainfall and from tropical to temperate. The minimum daily temperatures are above 5°C in all avocado-growing regions because of frost sensitivity. Apart from avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), most avocado fruit diseases are caused by fungi. Some fungi cause visible symptoms resulting in unmarketable fruit, and other infections in the orchard are symptomless. These symptomless infections express as rots after harvest during cold storage, transport and ripening. Most post-harvest pathogens infect through both the body of the fruit and the stem-end wound, while a few infect only through the stem-end wound. The geographic distribution of these fungi varies possibly because of differences in environmental requirements and effective quarantine measures during trade. Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard, removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopy, ensuring high-calcium levels in the fruit flesh are maintained, careful post-harvest handling and selling fruit as soon after harvest as possible. Some post-harvest fungicides can be effective.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado sunblotch viroid is the exception to fungal causation of most fruit diseases.
- Taxon
- Avocado
Persea americanat0 - Interactor
- avocado sunblotch viroidAvocado sunblotch viroide0pathogen
- Outcome
- most avocado fruit diseases are caused by fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Apart from avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), most avocado fruit diseases are caused by fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Some fungal infections produce visible symptoms and unmarketable fruit.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- visible symptoms resulting in unmarketable fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Some fungi cause visible symptoms resulting in unmarketable fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomless orchard infections develop into rots during storage, transport and ripening.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- rots after harveste0
- Qualifier
- cold storage, transport and ripeninge0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“other infections in the orchard are symptomless. These symptomless infections express as rots after harvest during cold storage, transport and ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Most postharvest pathogens enter through both fruit body and stem-end wound; a few only through the stem-end wound.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Interactor
- post-harvest pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- infect through both the body of the fruit and the stem-end wounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Most post-harvest pathogens infect through both the body of the fruit and the stem-end wound, while a few infect only through the stem-end wound”
Claim · model-written summary
Geographic distribution of rot fungi varies, possibly with environment and quarantine.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- geographic distribution of these fungi variese0
- Qualifier
- possibly because of differences in environmental requirements and effective quarantine measures during tradee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“The geographic distribution of these fungi varies possibly because of differences in environmental requirements and effective quarantine measures during trade”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchard fungicides can reduce fungal rots.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- application of fungicidese0
- Outcome
- Fungal rotse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing canopy inoculum can reduce fungal rots.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopye0
- Outcome
- Fungal rotse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard, removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining high calcium in fruit flesh can reduce fungal rots.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- ensuring high-calcium levels in the fruit flesh are maintainede0
- Outcome
- Fungal rotse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard, removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopy, ensuring high-calcium levels in the fruit flesh are maintained”
Claim · model-written summary
Careful postharvest handling and prompt sale can reduce fungal rots.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- careful post-harvest handling and selling fruit as soon after harvest as possiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“careful post-harvest handling and selling fruit as soon after harvest as possible”
Claim · model-written summary
Some postharvest fungicides can be effective.
- Taxon
- AvocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- post-harvest fungicidese0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Avocado”
e0“Some post-harvest fungicides can be effective”