Abstract
Vegetable oil is an indispensable nutritional resource for human health and mainly characterized by the composition and content of fatty acids (FAs). As a commercial species of gymnosperm, Torreya grandis produces oil-rich nuts with high unsaturated fatty acids content in the mature kernels. In this study, two cultivars, T. grandis ‘Xifei’ and T. grandis ‘Dielsii,’ with distinct oil content were employed to compare the profiles of FAs accumulation during kernel development. The accumulation rate of oil content was significantly different between ‘Xifei’ and ‘Dielsii.’ Besides, the final oil content of ‘Xifei’ (52.87%) was significantly higher than that of ‘Dielsii’ (41.62%) at maturity. The significant differences in main FAs were observed at almost each kernel development stages between the two cultivars. C 16:0 , C 18:1 , and C 20:3 FA exhibited different accumulation patterns between cultivars. The content and the initiation of accumulation of C 20:3 FA were different between the two cultivars. To explore the molecular mechanism associated with different content of oil and FAs between two cultivars, de novo transcriptome of kernels was compared between ‘Xifei’ (high oil) and ‘Dielsii’ (low oil) at three stages of oil accumulation, respectively. Totally 142,213 unigenes were assembled and 16,379 unigenes with a length of over 1,000 nt were successfully annotated, including 139 unigenes related to FA biosynthesis, elongation, and metabolism. Compared with ‘Dielsii,’ totally 1,476, 2,140, and 1,145 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in ‘Xifei’ at the stage of the initiative, the rapid rise, and the stationary oil accumulation, respectively; the number of downregulated DEGs reached 913, 1,245, and 904, respectively. Relative expressions of 11 DEGs involved in FAs biosynthesis and metabolism were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Abundant differentially expressed transcription factors and pathway DEGs were correlated to oil and FAs according to Pearson’s correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolites (oil and FAs), suggesting their contributions to the differential oil and FAs between the two cultivars during kernel development of T. grandis . To conclude, our findings can provide novel insights into the developmental differences in metabolites and de novo transcriptome correlated to lipid accumulation and FA synthesis of kernels between cultivars with contrasting oil deposits and demystify the regulatory mechanism of high oil accumulation in T. grandis .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Oil accumulation rates differed between cultivars.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandis
Torreya grandist0 - Material
- ‘Xifei’e0
- Outcome
- accumulation rate of oil contente0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- Dielsiie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation rate of oil content was significantly different between ‘Xifei’ and ‘Dielsii.’”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature Xifei kernels had 52.87% oil versus 41.62% in Dielsii.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Material
- ‘Xifei’e0
- Organ / stage
- at maturitye0
- Outcome
- final oil contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52.87%e0
- Qualifier
- 41.62%e0
- Comparator
- ‘Dielsii’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the final oil content of ‘Xifei’ (52.87%) was significantly higher than that of ‘Dielsii’ (41.62%) at maturity”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
The principal fatty acids differed between cultivars at nearly every kernel stage.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- main FAse0
- Qualifier
- almost each kernel development stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant differences in main FAs were observed at almost each kernel development stages between the two cultivars.”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
C16:0, C18:1 and C20:3 fatty acids had different accumulation patterns between cultivars.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- C 16:0 , C 18:1 , and C 20:3 FAe0
- Comparator
- between cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C 16:0 , C 18:1 , and C 20:3 FA exhibited different accumulation patterns between cultivars.”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
C20:3 fatty acid content and onset of accumulation differed between cultivars.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- content and the initiation of accumulation of C 20:3 FAe0
- Comparator
- between the two cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content and the initiation of accumulation of C 20:3 FA were different between the two cultivars.”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
The transcriptome assembly yielded 142,213 unigenes and 16,379 long annotated unigenes.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- unigenes were assemblede0
- Value
- 142,213e0
- Qualifier
- 16,379 unigenes with a length of over 1,000 nte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Totally 142,213 unigenes were assembled and 16,379 unigenes with a length of over 1,000 nt were successfully annotated, including 139 unigenes related to FA biosynthesis, elongation, and metabolism.”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
The assembly annotated 139 unigenes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation and metabolism.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- unigenes related to FA biosynthesis, elongation, and metabolisme0
- Value
- 139e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including 139 unigenes related to FA biosynthesis, elongation, and metabolism”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Xifei had 1,476, 2,140 and 1,145 upregulated genes across the three oil accumulation stages.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Material
- ‘Xifei’e0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 1,476, 2,140, and 1,145e0
- Qualifier
- the stage of the initiative, the rapid rise, and the stationary oil accumulatione0
- Comparator
- Dielsiie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with ‘Dielsii,’ totally 1,476, 2,140, and 1,145 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in ‘Xifei’ at the stage of the initiative, the rapid rise, and the stationary oil accumulation, respectively”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Xifei had 913, 1,245 and 904 downregulated genes across the three stages.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- downregulated DEGse0
- Value
- 913, 1,245, and 904e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of downregulated DEGs reached 913, 1,245, and 904, respectively”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
RT-qPCR confirmed relative expression of 11 fatty acid related genes.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Outcome
- Relative expressions of 11 DEGse0
- Value
- 11e0
- Qualifier
- confirmed by RT-qPCRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative expressions of 11 DEGs involved in FAs biosynthesis and metabolism were confirmed by RT-qPCR.”
t0“Torreya grandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed transcription factors and pathway genes correlated with oil and fatty acids.
- Taxon
- Torreya grandisTorreya grandist0
- Gene
- transcription factors and pathway DEGse0
- Outcome
- oil and FAse0
- Direction
- correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abundant differentially expressed transcription factors and pathway DEGs were correlated to oil and FAs according to Pearson’s correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolites (oil and FAs)”
t0“Torreya grandis”