Abstract
Rice cultivation consumes more than half of the planet’s 70% freshwater supply used in agricultural production. Competing water uses and climate change globally are putting more pressure on the limited water resources. Therefore, water-saving irrigation (WSI) is recommended for rice production in water scares areas. The impact of WSI techniques on direct-seeding rice production and greenhouse gas emissions in North China is becoming increasingly important in the era of climate change. Therefore, we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice to assess the impact of traditional flooding irrigation (CK) and three water saving irrigation (WSI) methods, including drip irrigation with an irrigation amount of 50 mm (DI1) and 35 mm (DI2) at each watering time and furrow wetting irrigation (FWI), on rice yield and greenhouse emissions. Generally, the WSI techniques decreased the number of rice panicles per m−2, spikelet per panicle, 1000-grain weight and rice yield compared to CK. Rice yield and yield components of (DI1) were significantly higher than (DI2). The adoption of either (DI1) or (FWI) showed insignificant variation in terms of rice yield and its yield components measured except for 1000-grain weight. The water productivity was 88.9, 16.4 and 11.4% higher in the FWI plot than the CK, DI1 and DI2 plots, respectively. The WSI decreased cumulative CH4 emission significantly by 73.0, 84.7 and 64.4% in DI1, DI2 and FWI, respectively, in comparison with CK. The usage of DI2 triggered 1.4 and 2.0-fold more cumulative N2O emission compared to DI1 and FWI, respectively. Area-scaled emission among the water-saving irrigation methods showed no significance. The yield-scaled emission in DI1 and DI2 and FWI were 101, 67.5 and 102%, respectively, significantly lower than CK. The adoption of FWI produced an acceptable rice yield with the lowest yield-scaled emission and highest water productivity among the irrigation practices. Our experiment demonstrates that dry direct-seeding with furrow irrigation can impact triple-wins of sustainable rice yield, high water-use efficiency and low GHG emissions in North China.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving irrigation decreased rice panicles per m−2, spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight compared with flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- WSI techniquese2
- Outcome
- number of rice panicles per m−2, spikelet per panicle, 1000-grain weighte2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- CKe2
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“Generally, the WSI techniques decreased the number of rice panicles per m−2, spikelet per panicle, 1000-grain weight and rice yield compared to CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving irrigation decreased rice yield compared with flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- WSI techniquese2
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- CKe2
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“Generally, the WSI techniques decreased the number of rice panicles per m−2, spikelet per panicle, 1000-grain weight and rice yield compared to CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield and yield components were significantly higher under drip irrigation with 50 mm than with 35 mm per watering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigation with an irrigation amount of 50 mme4
- Outcome
- Rice yield and yield componentse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- DI2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Rice yield and yield components of (DI1) were significantly higher than (DI2)”
e4“drip irrigation with an irrigation amount of 50 mm (DI1)”
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Adopting either DI1 or FWI showed no significant variation in rice yield and its yield components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- (DI1) or (FWI)e5
- Outcome
- rice yield and its yield componentse5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The adoption of either (DI1) or (FWI) showed insignificant variation in terms of rice yield and its yield components measured except for 1000-grain weight”
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
1000-grain weight varied significantly between DI1 or FWI and the other irrigation practices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- (DI1) or (FWI)e5
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The adoption of either (DI1) or (FWI) showed insignificant variation in terms of rice yield and its yield components measured except for 1000-grain weight”
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Water productivity was 88.9% higher in the FWI plot than in the CK plot.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- FWIe6
- Outcome
- water productivitye6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 88.9e6
- Comparator
- CKe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e6“The water productivity was 88.9, 16.4 and 11.4% higher in the FWI plot than the CK, DI1 and DI2 plots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water productivity was 16.4% higher in the FWI plot than in the DI1 plot.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- FWIe6
- Outcome
- water productivitye6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 16.4e6
- Comparator
- DI1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e6“The water productivity was 88.9, 16.4 and 11.4% higher in the FWI plot than the CK, DI1 and DI2 plots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water productivity was 11.4% higher in the FWI plot than in the DI2 plot.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- FWIe6
- Outcome
- water productivitye6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 11.4e6
- Comparator
- DI2e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e6“The water productivity was 88.9, 16.4 and 11.4% higher in the FWI plot than the CK, DI1 and DI2 plots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
DI1 decreased cumulative CH4 emission by 73.0% compared with flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI1e7
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissione7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 73.0e7
- Comparator
- CKe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e7“The WSI decreased cumulative CH4 emission significantly by 73.0, 84.7 and 64.4% in DI1, DI2 and FWI, respectively, in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
DI2 decreased cumulative CH4 emission by 84.7% compared with flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI2e7
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissione7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 84.7e7
- Comparator
- CKe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e7“The WSI decreased cumulative CH4 emission significantly by 73.0, 84.7 and 64.4% in DI1, DI2 and FWI, respectively, in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
FWI decreased cumulative CH4 emission by 64.4% compared with flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- FWIe7
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissione7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 64.4e7
- Comparator
- CKe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e7“The WSI decreased cumulative CH4 emission significantly by 73.0, 84.7 and 64.4% in DI1, DI2 and FWI, respectively, in comparison with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
DI2 produced 1.4-fold more cumulative N2O emission than DI1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI2e2
- Outcome
- cumulative N2O emissione2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 1.4e2
- Comparator
- DI1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“The usage of DI2 triggered 1.4 and 2.0-fold more cumulative N2O emission compared to DI1 and FWI, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
DI2 produced 2.0-fold more cumulative N2O emission than FWI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI2e2
- Outcome
- cumulative N2O emissione2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 2.0-folde2
- Comparator
- FWIe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“The usage of DI2 triggered 1.4 and 2.0-fold more cumulative N2O emission compared to DI1 and FWI, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Area-scaled emission showed no significant difference among the water-saving irrigation methods.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- water-saving irrigation methodse2
- Outcome
- Area-scaled emissione2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“Area-scaled emission among the water-saving irrigation methods showed no significance”
Claim · model-written summary
DI1 yield-scaled emission was 101% lower than flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI1e2
- Outcome
- yield-scaled emissione2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 101e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“The yield-scaled emission in DI1 and DI2 and FWI were 101, 67.5 and 102%, respectively, significantly lower than CK”
Claim · model-written summary
DI2 yield-scaled emission was 67.5% lower than flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DI2e2
- Outcome
- yield-scaled emissione2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 67.5e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“The yield-scaled emission in DI1 and DI2 and FWI were 101, 67.5 and 102%, respectively, significantly lower than CK”
Claim · model-written summary
FWI yield-scaled emission was 102% lower than flooding irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- FWIe2
- Outcome
- yield-scaled emissione2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 102e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we conducted a two-year field experiment on directly seeded rice”
e2“The yield-scaled emission in DI1 and DI2 and FWI were 101, 67.5 and 102%, respectively, significantly lower than CK”
Claim · model-written summary
FWI gave an acceptable rice yield with the lowest yield-scaled emission and highest water productivity among the irrigation practices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- FWIe2
- Outcome
- acceptable rice yielde2
- Qualifier
- lowest yield-scaled emission and highest water productivity among the irrigation practicese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The adoption of FWI produced an acceptable rice yield with the lowest yield-scaled emission and highest water productivity among the irrigation practices”
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