Abstract
Abstract The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the ratio of the N uptake by the plant to the total amount of applied N fertilizer. The optimization of NUE is essential for sustainable agriculture, especially in the breeding programs to improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). We investigated the NUE variation in 32 barley genotypes and to examine the response relationship between phenotypic traits and N level to determine the traits essential for the selection of breeding programs to optimize the NUE. The NUE was investigated in 32 barley genotypes for 2 yr under field conditions using three N levels (60, 120, and 180 kg N ha −1 ). Growth, physiological and agronomic traits, and N efficiency‐related parameters were determined. The parameters investigated were significantly affected by N application and its interactions with traits. Plant height, biological yield, spike length, and grain number (GN) were increased at higher N levels, but the 1,000‐grain weight decreased. The lowest grain yield was 2,000.7 kg ha −1 at 60 kg N ha −1 , and the highest was 8,607.9 kg ha −1 at 120 kg N ha −1 . An increase in the N rate from 60 to 120 kg N ha −1 was associated with a higher total chlorophyll content (CHL SPAD ) (from 19.04 to 23.13), but no significant change in CHL was seen at 180 kg N ha −1 . The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), fertilizer N recovery efficiency and the nitrogen utilization efficiency were both reduced with an increase of the N application rate. A path analysis revealed that GN was the most essential trait for NUE breeding program selection due to its high direct effect (0.72) on ANUE. A linear discriminant analysis showed that CHL at 60 d after sowing was the best trait for distinguishing low from high N levels.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, biological yield and spike length increased at higher N levels in barley.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- higher N levelse3
- Outcome
- Plant height, biological yield, spike lengthe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“The NUE was investigated in 32 barley genotypes for 2 yr under field conditions”
e3“Plant height, biological yield, spike length, and grain number (GN) were increased at higher N levels, but the 1,000‐grain weight decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number increased at higher N levels in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- higher N levelse3
- Outcome
- grain number (GN)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e3“Plant height, biological yield, spike length, and grain number (GN) were increased at higher N levels, but the 1,000‐grain weight decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000‐grain weight decreased at higher N levels in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- higher N levelse3
- Outcome
- 1,000‐grain weighte3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e3“Plant height, biological yield, spike length, and grain number (GN) were increased at higher N levels, but the 1,000‐grain weight decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest barley grain yield was 2,000.7 kg ha −1 at 60 kg N ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- lowest grain yielde4
- Value
- 2,000.7 kg ha −1e4
- Qualifier
- at 60 kg N ha −1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e4“The lowest grain yield was 2,000.7 kg ha −1 at 60 kg N ha −1 , and the highest was 8,607.9 kg ha −1 at 120 kg N ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest barley grain yield was 8,607.9 kg ha −1 at 120 kg N ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Value
- 8,607.9 kg ha −1e4
- Qualifier
- at 120 kg N ha −1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e4“The lowest grain yield was 2,000.7 kg ha −1 at 60 kg N ha −1 , and the highest was 8,607.9 kg ha −1 at 120 kg N ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in N rate from 60 to 120 kg N ha −1 was associated with higher total chlorophyll content in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- An increase in the N rate from 60 to 120 kg N ha −1e5
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- from 19.04 to 23.13e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e5“An increase in the N rate from 60 to 120 kg N ha −1 was associated with a higher total chlorophyll content (CHL SPAD ) (from 19.04 to 23.13)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content showed no significant change at 180 kg N ha −1 in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- 180 kg N ha −1e6
- Outcome
- CHLe6
- Direction
- no significant changee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e6“but no significant change in CHL was seen at 180 kg N ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer N recovery efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency of barley were reduced with an increase of the N application rate.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- an increase of the N application ratee7
- Outcome
- agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), fertilizer N recovery efficiency and the nitrogen utilization efficiencye7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e7“The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), fertilizer N recovery efficiency and the nitrogen utilization efficiency were both reduced with an increase of the N application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number was the most essential trait for NUE breeding selection in barley, with a direct effect of 0.72 on ANUE.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- ANUEe7
- Value
- 0.72e7
- Qualifier
- GN was the most essential trait for NUE breeding program selectione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e7“GN was the most essential trait for NUE breeding program selection due to its high direct effect (0.72) on ANUE”
Claim · model-written summary
CHL at 60 days after sowing was the best trait for distinguishing low from high N levels in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- CHL at 60 d after sowinge7
- Qualifier
- the best trait for distinguishing low from high N levelse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e7“CHL at 60 d after sowing was the best trait for distinguishing low from high N levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley growth, physiological and agronomic parameters were significantly affected by N application.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- N applicatione2
- Outcome
- parameters investigatede2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the yield of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e2“The parameters investigated were significantly affected by N application and its interactions with traits”
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