Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizers (potassium nitrate and/or urea) on shoot parameters, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and nitrogen fractions, as well as to conduct transmission electron microscopy, of Vigna sinensis L. (cowpea) and Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) leaves. A general improvement was recorded in the shoot parameters of the two plants, except for a decrease in the net assimilation rate by treatment of the two plants with 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea. The total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogen generally decreased in cowpea shoots from the treatments but increased in case of cowpea roots and sunflower shoots and roots. The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea). Despite the starch granules not being detected in the leaves of the untreated sunflower, the treated plant showed the appearance of the highest number after treatment with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea (2) and the most cell size with the 100% potassium nitrate treatment. Generally, our findings demonstrated that fertilization with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea has the best influence on the growth parameters and nitrogen content in the two plants, but the magnitude of response was more pronounced in case of cowpea plants.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Vigna sinensis L. shoot parameters generally improved with nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- Vigna sinensis L.
Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculatat0 - Outcome
- shoot parameterse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A general improvement was recorded in the shoot parameters of the two plants, except for a decrease in the net assimilation rate by treatment of the two plants with 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vigna sinensis L. net assimilation rate decreased with combined full-rate potassium nitrate and urea.
- Taxon
- Vigna sinensis L.Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% ureae0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A general improvement was recorded in the shoot parameters of the two plants, except for a decrease in the net assimilation rate by treatment of the two plants with 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Helianthus annuus L. shoot parameters generally improved with nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus L.
Helianthus annuust0 - Outcome
- shoot parameterse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A general improvement was recorded in the shoot parameters of the two plants, except for a decrease in the net assimilation rate by treatment of the two plants with 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Helianthus annuus L. net assimilation rate decreased with combined full-rate potassium nitrate and urea.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus L.Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% ureae0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A general improvement was recorded in the shoot parameters of the two plants, except for a decrease in the net assimilation rate by treatment of the two plants with 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
cowpea cowpea shoots nitrogen fractions decreased under the treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Organ / stage
- cowpea shootse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogene0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogen generally decreased in cowpea shoots from the treatments but increased in case of cowpea roots and sunflower shoots and roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
cowpea cowpea roots nitrogen fractions increased under the treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea rootse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogen generally decreased in cowpea shoots from the treatments but increased in case of cowpea roots and sunflower shoots and roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
sunflower sunflower shoots nitrogen fractions increased under the treatments.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Organ / stage
- sunflower shootse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogen generally decreased in cowpea shoots from the treatments but increased in case of cowpea roots and sunflower shoots and roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
sunflower roots nitrogen fractions increased under the treatments.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen, insoluble protein, and total soluble nitrogen generally decreased in cowpea shoots from the treatments but increased in case of cowpea roots and sunflower shoots and roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea leaves had two starch granules under 100% potassium nitrate.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea leavese0
- Treatment
- 100% potassium nitratee0
- Outcome
- two starch granulese0
- Value
- twoe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea leaves had two starch granules under 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea leavese0
- Treatment
- 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% ureae0
- Outcome
- two starch granulese0
- Value
- twoe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea leaves had two starch granules under the control.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea leavese0
- Treatment
- the controle0
- Outcome
- two starch granulese0
- Value
- twoe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea leaves had three granules under 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea leavese0
- Treatment
- 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% ureae0
- Outcome
- three granulese0
- Value
- threee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea).”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea leaves had disappearance of the starch granules under 100% urea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- cowpea leavese0
- Treatment
- 100% ureae0
- Outcome
- disappearance of the starch granulese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The examination of the ultrastructure changes in cowpea leaves confirmed the presence of two starch granules (in response to 100% potassium nitrate, 100% potassium nitrate plus 100% urea, and the control) and three granules (in response to 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea) and the disappearance of the starch granules (in response to 100% urea).”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower leaves had the highest starch granule number, two, under the combined half-rate treatment.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% ureae0
- Outcome
- starch granulese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2e0
- Comparator
- untreated sunflowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the starch granules not being detected in the leaves of the untreated sunflower, the treated plant showed the appearance of the highest number after treatment with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea (2) and the most cell size with the 100% potassium nitrate treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower cell size was greatest under full-rate potassium nitrate.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 100% potassium nitratee0
- Outcome
- cell sizee0
- Direction
- moste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the starch granules not being detected in the leaves of the untreated sunflower, the treated plant showed the appearance of the highest number after treatment with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea (2) and the most cell size with the 100% potassium nitrate treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined half-rate fertilizer gave the best growth and nitrogen response in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% ureae0
- Outcome
- growth parameters and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally, our findings demonstrated that fertilization with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea has the best influence on the growth parameters and nitrogen content in the two plants, but the magnitude of response was more pronounced in case of cowpea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined half-rate fertilizer gave the best growth and nitrogen response in sunflower.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus L.Helianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% ureae0
- Outcome
- growth parameters and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally, our findings demonstrated that fertilization with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea has the best influence on the growth parameters and nitrogen content in the two plants, but the magnitude of response was more pronounced in case of cowpea plants.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fertilizer response was more pronounced in cowpea than sunflower.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- magnitude of responsee0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- Helianthus annuus L.t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally, our findings demonstrated that fertilization with 50% potassium nitrate plus 50% urea has the best influence on the growth parameters and nitrogen content in the two plants, but the magnitude of response was more pronounced in case of cowpea plants.”
t0“Vigna sinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.”
The same questions in other papers
potassium nitrate · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
potassium nitrate · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →nitrogen · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →nitrogen · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
38 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →nitrogen · quality: sugar starch · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.