Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) Azotobacter spp. is the most promising bacteria among all microorganisms. It is an aerobic, free-living, and N2-fixing bacterium that commonly lives in soil, water, and sediments. It can be used as a biofertilizer for plant growth and nutrient utilization efficiency. Maize is the highly consumed cereal food crop of the cosmopolitan population, and the sustainable maize productivity achieved by applying bacteria in combination with nitrogen phosphorus potassium (NPK) is promising. In the present study, a bacterial isolate (PR19). Azotobacter nigricans , obtained from the soil of an organic farm was evaluated for its plant growth promoting potential alone and in combination with an inorganic fertilizer (NPK) included. The bacterial cultue (PR19) was screened for its morphological, biochemical, and plant growth-promoting characteristics, sequenced by the 16S rDNA method, and submitted to NCBI for the confirmation of strain identification. Further, the inoculation effect of the bacterial culture (PR19) in combination with NPK on growth and yield parameters of maize under pot were analyzed. Based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics, PR19 was identified as Azotobacter nigricans it was submitted to NCBI genbank under the accession No. KP966496 . The bacterial isolate possessed multiple plant growth-promoting (MPGP) traits such as the production of ammonia, siderophore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and ACC Deaminase (ACCD). It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics. PR19 expressed significantly increased ( p < 0.001) antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH) under the abiotic stress of salinity and pH. In vitro condition, inoculation of maize with the PR19 showed a significant increase in seed germination and enhancement in elongation of root and shoot compared to untreated control. The combined application of the PR19 and NPK treatments showed similar significant results in all growth and yield parameters of maize variety SHIATS-M S2. This study is the first report on the beneficial effects of organic farm isolated PR19-NPK treatment combinations on sustainable maize productivity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities of maize-associated bacteria under salinity and pH stress.
- Treatment
- abiotic stress of salinity and pHe1
- Interactor
- PR19e1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“PR19 expressed significantly increased ( p < 0.001) antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH) under the abiotic stress of salinity and pH”
Claim · model-written summary
The PR19 isolate possessed multiple plant growth-promoting traits.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- multiple plant growth-promoting (MPGP) traitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“The bacterial isolate possessed multiple plant growth-promoting (MPGP) traits”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 was identified as Azotobacter nigricans based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“PR19 was identified as Azotobacter nigricans it was submitted to NCBI genbank”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 showed phosphate solubilization activity.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilization activitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 tolerated 20% salt.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerance to 20% salte4
- Value
- 20%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 tolerated a wide range of pH 5–9.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- wide range of pH 5–9e4
- Value
- pH 5–9e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 showed higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals tolerance.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- higher levels of trace elements and heavy metalse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
PR19 showed resistance to multiple antibiotics.
- Interactor
- Azotobacter nigricansAzotobacter nigricanst0symbiont
- Outcome
- resistance to multiple antibioticse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5–9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of maize with PR19 significantly increased seed germination in vitro compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- inoculation of maize with the PR19e5
- Interactor
- PR19e5symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germinatione5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
- Setting
- In vitro conditione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“In vitro condition, inoculation of maize with the PR19 showed a significant increase in seed germination and enhancement in elongation of root and shoot compared to untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of maize with PR19 enhanced elongation of root and shoot in vitro compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- inoculation of maize with the PR19e5
- Interactor
- PR19e5symbiont
- Outcome
- elongation of root and shoote5
- Direction
- enhancemente5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
- Setting
- In vitro conditione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“In vitro condition, inoculation of maize with the PR19 showed a significant increase in seed germination and enhancement in elongation of root and shoot compared to untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of PR19 and NPK showed similar significant results in all growth and yield parameters of maize variety SHIATS-M S2.
- Material
- SHIATS-M S2e6
- Treatment
- combined application of the PR19 and NPKe6
- Interactor
- PR19e6symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistic Effect of Azotobacter nigricans and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer on Agronomic and Yieldtraits of Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e6“The combined application of the PR19 and NPK treatments showed similar significant results in all growth and yield parameters of maize variety SHIATS-M S2”
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