Abstract
Intensive chemical herbicide use has resulted in human health and environmental issues. This study evaluated the phytotoxic potential of chamomile extract as a bioherbicide to minimize chemical herbicide use in wheat production. Treatments including four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mL/L) of three different chamomile plant parts (root, shoot, and root + shoot) extracts were applied to flixweed as a major weed in wheat production. Except for 50 mL/L of root extract, other concentrations of chamomile extracts decreased the germination rate of flixweed. Germnaiton rate of wheat increased with chamomile extracts except at 150 mL/L concentration of shoot extract at which the germination rate of flixweed and wheat reduced by 71.7 and 35.4%, respectively, compared to respective controls. Compared to wheat, malondialdehyde and proline in flixweed were increased fivefold in flixweed and compared to the control, ranged from 84-473 and 240-1422%, respectively. Chamomile extract also declined cell viability much quicker in flixweed than in wheat reflecting on greater inhibitory effect for flixweed control. Chamomile shoot extract reduced seedling weight and vigor index of flixweed by 63.75 and 59.4%, respectively, compared to the respective control. Results of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of chamomile extract indicated polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and bioactive phenolic coumarins, glycosylated derivatives, quercetin and its derivatives, herniarin, umbelliferone, P-cymene, chamazulene, farnesol, amitrole, 1,8-cineole, and limonene were effective in inhibiting the germination and growth of flixweed. We concluded that 150 mg/L of chamomile shoot extract could be used as a bioherbicide to sustainably suppress flixweed in wheat production.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Most chamomile extract concentrations reduced flixweed germination, except 50 mL/L root extract.
- Taxon
- flixweede0
- Treatment
- chamomile extractse0
- Outcome
- germination rate of flixweede0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Except for 50 mL/L of root extracte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Except for 50 mL/L of root extract, other concentrations of chamomile extracts decreased the germination rate of flixweed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamomile extracts generally increased wheat germination.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- chamomile extractse0
- Outcome
- Germnaiton rate of wheate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germnaiton rate of wheat increased with chamomile extracts except at 150 mL/L concentration of shoot extract”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mL/L, chamomile shoot extract reduced flixweed germination 71.7% relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“at 150 mL/L concentration of shoot extract at which the germination rate of flixweed and wheat reduced by 71.7 and 35.4%, respectively, compared to respective controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mL/L, chamomile shoot extract reduced wheat germination 35.4% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 150 mL/L concentration of shoot extracte0
- Outcome
- germination rate of flixweed and wheate0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.4%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 150 mL/L concentration of shoot extract at which the germination rate of flixweed and wheat reduced by 71.7 and 35.4%, respectively, compared to respective controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flixweed malondialdehyde rose fivefold relative to wheat and 84-473% relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to wheat, malondialdehyde and proline in flixweed were increased fivefold in flixweed and compared to the control, ranged from 84-473 and 240-1422%, respectively.”
e1“Chamomile extract also declined cell viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Flixweed proline rose fivefold relative to wheat and 240-1422% relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to wheat, malondialdehyde and proline in flixweed were increased fivefold in flixweed and compared to the control, ranged from 84-473 and 240-1422%, respectively.”
e1“Chamomile extract also declined cell viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamomile extract reduced cell viability faster in flixweed than wheat.
Verbatim
e0“Chamomile extract also declined cell viability much quicker in flixweed than in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamomile shoot extract reduced flixweed seedling weight by 63.75% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Chamomile shoot extract reduced seedling weight and vigor index of flixweed by 63.75 and 59.4%, respectively, compared to the respective control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamomile shoot extract reduced flixweed vigor index by 59.4% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“Chamomile shoot extract reduced seedling weight and vigor index of flixweed by 63.75 and 59.4%, respectively, compared to the respective control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 150 mg/L chamomile shoot extract as a bioherbicide for flixweed suppression in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 150 mg/L of chamomile shoot extracte0
- Outcome
- sustainably suppress flixweede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We concluded that 150 mg/L of chamomile shoot extract could be used as a bioherbicide to sustainably suppress flixweed in wheat production.”
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See all 435 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.