Abstract
BACKGROUND: Garlic is an entirely sterile crop with important value as a vegetable, condiment, and medicine. However, the evolutionary history of garlic remains largely unknown. RESULTS: Here we report a comprehensive map of garlic genomic variation, consisting of amazingly 129.4 million variations. Evolutionary analysis indicates that the garlic population diverged at least 100,000 years ago, and the two groups cultivated in China were domesticated from two independent routes. Consequently, 15.0 and 17.5% of genes underwent an expression change in two cultivated groups, causing a reshaping of their transcriptomic architecture. Furthermore, we find independent domestication leads to few overlaps of deleterious substitutions in these two groups due to separate accumulation and selection-based removal. By analysis of selective sweeps, genome-wide trait associations and associated transcriptomic analysis, we uncover differential selections for the bulb traits in these two garlic groups during their domestication. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable resources for garlic genomics-based breeding, and comprehensive insights into the evolutionary history of this clonal-propagated crop.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The garlic genomic variation map contains 129.4 million variations.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume0 - Outcome
- garlic genomic variatione0
- Value
- 129.4 million variationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a comprehensive map of garlic genomic variation, consisting of amazingly 129.4 million variations”
Claim · model-written summary
The garlic population diverged at least 100,000 years ago.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Outcome
- population divergede0
- Value
- at least 100,000 years agoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the garlic population diverged at least 100,000 years ago”
Claim · model-written summary
Two garlic groups cultivated in China were domesticated through independent routes.
- Outcome
- domesticated from two independent routese0
ChinaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two groups cultivated in China were domesticated from two independent routes”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression changed in 15.0% of genes in one cultivated garlic group.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- genes underwent an expression changee0
- Value
- 15.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15.0 and 17.5% of genes underwent an expression change in two cultivated groups”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression changed in 17.5% of genes in the other cultivated garlic group.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- genes underwent an expression changee0
- Value
- 17.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15.0 and 17.5% of genes underwent an expression change in two cultivated groups”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
The two domesticated garlic groups had few overlapping deleterious substitutions.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- few overlaps of deleterious substitutionse0
- Qualifier
- due to separate accumulation and selection-based removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“independent domestication leads to few overlaps of deleterious substitutions in these two groups due to separate accumulation and selection-based removal”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb traits underwent different selection in the two garlic groups during domestication.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- differential selections for the bulb traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differential selections for the bulb traits in these two garlic groups during their domestication”
t0“garlic”