Abstract
BACKGROUND: As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, AP2/ERF gene superfamily plays important roles in plant growth, development, fruit ripening and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Despite the great progress has been made in kiwifruit genomic studies, little research has been conducted on the AP2/ERF genes of kiwifruit. The increasing kiwifruit genome resources allowed us to reveal the tissue expression profiles of AP2/ERF genes in kiwifruit on a genome-wide basis. RESULTS: In present study, a total of 158 AP2/ERF genes in A. eriantha were identified. All genes can be mapped on the 29 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into four main subfamilies based on the complete protein sequences. Additionally, our results revealed that the same subfamilies contained similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Ka/Ks calculation indicated that AP2/ERF gene family was undergoing a strong purifying selection and the evolutionary rates were slow. RNA-seq showed that the AP2/ERF genes were expressed differently in different flower development stages and 56 genes were considered as DEGs among three contrasts. Moreover, qRT-PCR suggested partial genes showed significant expressions as well, suggesting they could be key regulators in flower development in A. eriantha. In addition, two genes (AeAP2/ERF061, AeAP2/ERF067) had abundant transcription level based on transcriptomes, implying that they may play a crucial role in plant flower development regulation and flower tissue forming. CONCLUSIONS: We identified AP2/ERF genes and demonstrated their gene structures, conserved motifs, and phylogeny relationships of AP2/ERF genes in two related species of kiwifruit, A. eriantha and A. chinensis, and their potential roles in flower development in A. eriantha. Such information would lay the foundation for further functional identification of AP2/ERF genes involved in kiwifruit flower development.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The study identified 158 AP2/ERF genes in A. eriantha.
- Taxon
- A. eriantha
Actinidia erianthae0 - Gene
- AP2/ERFe0
- Outcome
- AP2/ERF genese0
- Value
- 158e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a total of 158 AP2/ERF genes in A. eriantha were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
All identified genes mapped to 29 chromosomes.
- Taxon
- Actinidia erianthaActinidia erianthat0
- Outcome
- genes can be mappede0
- Value
- 29 chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia eriantha”
e0“All genes can be mapped on the 29 chromosomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis divided the AP2/ERF genes into four main subfamilies.
- Taxon
- Actinidia erianthaActinidia erianthat0
- Outcome
- four main subfamiliese0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia eriantha”
e0“Phylogenetic analysis divided them into four main subfamilies based on the complete protein sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Members of the same subfamily had similar gene structures and conserved motifs.
- Taxon
- Actinidia erianthaActinidia erianthat0
- Outcome
- similar gene structures and conserved motifse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia eriantha”
e0“the same subfamilies contained similar gene structures and conserved motifs”
Claim · model-written summary
Ka/Ks indicated strong purifying selection and slow evolutionary rates in the AP2/ERF family.
- Taxon
- Actinidia erianthaActinidia erianthat0
- Gene
- AP2/ERFe0
- Outcome
- strong purifying selection and the evolutionary rates were slowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia eriantha”
e0“AP2/ERF gene family was undergoing a strong purifying selection and the evolutionary rates were slow”
Claim · model-written summary
AP2/ERF expression differed across flower development stages, with 56 DEGs among three contrasts.
- Taxon
- Actinidia erianthaActinidia erianthat0
- Organ / stage
- flower development stagese0
- Gene
- AP2/ERFe0
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 56 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia eriantha”
e0“the AP2/ERF genes were expressed differently in different flower development stages and 56 genes were considered as DEGs among three contrasts”
Claim · model-written summary
qRT-PCR indicated significant expression of some genes, which the authors suggested could regulate flower development.
- Taxon
- A. erianthaActinidia erianthae0
- Outcome
- significant expressionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“qRT-PCR suggested partial genes showed significant expressions as well, suggesting they could be key regulators in flower development in A. eriantha”
Claim · model-written summary
AeAP2/ERF061 and AeAP2/ERF067 had abundant transcript levels and were proposed as possible flower regulators.
Verbatim
e0“two genes (AeAP2/ERF061, AeAP2/ERF067) had abundant transcription level based on transcriptomes, implying that they may play a crucial role in plant flower development regulation and flower tissue forming”