Abstract
Alternaria brown spot (ABS), caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata pathotype tangerine, is one of the main phytosanitary problems for mandarin growers. About 15 applications per year of harmful fungicides are required for controlling ABS disease in citrus orchards. As chalcones seem to be less toxic to humans and environment than the commercial fungicides in use, this study initially aimed at synthesizing 137 chalcones through aldolic condensations between benzaldehydes and acetophenones. The resulting chalcones were screened for activity against A. alternata through a fungal growth assay that was carried out in 96-cell polypropylene plates, using the same concentration to all studied substances. The four active chalcones underwent conidia germination and mycelial growth, which confirmed the antifungal activity of the compounds. These chalcones were then poured onto Murcott tangor fruit that had been inoculated with conidia of the fungus. All four chalcones reduced the ABS progress to values significantly smaller (P≤0.05) than that observed for the control. Statistical calculations showed that the best results were afforded by two compounds, bearing a 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group at position 3 of prop-2-enal and a 3-nitro- or 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 1 of the aldehyde. Such compounds reduced the incidence of the disease in Murcott tangor fruit to values that did not differ statistically from those obtained with a commercial fungicide.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Four chalcones showed antifungal activity against A. alternata in conidial germination and mycelial growth tests.
- Taxon
- murcott tangort0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
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Alternaria alternatat0pathogen - Outcome
- antifungal activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The four active chalcones underwent conidia germination and mycelial growth, which confirmed the antifungal activity of the compounds”
t0“Chalcones to control Alternaria alternata in murcott tangor fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
All four chalcones significantly reduced Alternaria brown spot progression in inoculated Murcott tangor fruit versus the control.
- Taxon
- Murcott tangort0
- Treatment
- four chalconese0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- ABS progresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four chalcones reduced the ABS progress to values significantly smaller (P≤0.05) than that observed for the control”
t0“Chalcones to control Alternaria alternata in murcott tangor fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Two chalcones with the stated phenyl substitutions gave the best disease control results.
- Taxon
- Murcott tangort0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Qualifier
- two compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best results were afforded by two compounds, bearing a 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group at position 3 of prop-2-enal and a 3-nitro- or 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 1 of the aldehyde”
t0“Chalcones to control Alternaria alternata in murcott tangor fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The two best chalcones reduced disease incidence to levels statistically indistinguishable from a commercial fungicide.
- Taxon
- Murcott tangore0
- Treatment
- Such compoundse0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of the diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- a commercial fungicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Such compounds reduced the incidence of the disease in Murcott tangor fruit to values that did not differ statistically from those obtained with a commercial fungicide”
t0“Alternaria alternata”