Abstract
Four experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of Fusarium solani strain Fs5 against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The effect of population densities of M. javanica, various application rates of F. solani, moisture regimes and levels of benzaldehyde, a volatile compound of plant origin affecting the plant-nematode-fungus interaction, were also studied. F. solani parasitized eggs and females of M. javanica and thereby reduced root-knot severity in tomato. Although the fungus was frequently isolated from root tissues, it did not produce phytotoxic symptoms; instead, there was enhanced plant growth. At higher nematode densities, inner root colonization by the fungus increased. The rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and females also increased with increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levels. Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants. However, root-knot development was lower at all moisture regimes when F. solani was applied to the soil. Root colonization by F. solani and parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC) whereas egg parasitism by the fungus was greatest at 75% MHC. With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced. Root colonization by F. solani was greatest in soil treated with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil in the presence of M. javanica. Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani but in lower parasitism of the eggs. Treatments with F. solani led to better plant growth when they were combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani parasitized M. javanica eggs and females and reduced tomato root-knot severity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0e0 - Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- root-knot severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“F. solani parasitized eggs and females of M. javanica and thereby reduced root-knot severity in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was frequently isolated from root tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fungus was frequently isolated from root tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“the fungus was frequently isolated from root tissues”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani did not produce phytotoxic symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- phytotoxic symptomse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“it did not produce phytotoxic symptoms”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani enhanced tomato plant growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“there was enhanced plant growth”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
Inner root colonization by F. solani increased at higher nematode densities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inner root colonization by the funguse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- higher nematode densitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“At higher nematode densities, inner root colonization by the fungus increased”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infection of nematode eggs and females increased with nematode density.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- increasing nematode densitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and females also increased with increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infection of nematode eggs and females increased with fungal inoculum level.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- fungal inoculum levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and females also increased with increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode invasion increased with soil moisture in treated and untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- Nematode invasione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot increased with soil moisture in treated and untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- root-knote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of F. solani lowered root-knot development at every moisture regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- F. solani was applied to the soile0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root-knot developmente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“root-knot development was lower at all moisture regimes when F. solani was applied to the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani root colonization was highest at 50% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Root colonization by F. solanie0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 50% moisture holding capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Root colonization by F. solani and parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism of female nematodes was highest at 50% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- female nematodese0pathogen
- Outcome
- parasitism on female nematodese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 50% moisture holding capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg parasitism by F. solani was greatest at 75% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg parasitisme0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 75% MHCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“egg parasitism by the fungus was greatest at 75% MHC”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode penetration progressively declined as soil benzaldehyde concentration increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- nematode penetratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot infection progressively declined as soil benzaldehyde concentration increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- root-knot infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani root colonization was greatest at 2 µg g-1 soil benzaldehyde in the presence of M. javanica.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soile0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Root colonization by F. solanie0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Root colonization by F. solani was greatest in soil treated with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil in the presence of M. javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing benzaldehyde increased fungal parasitism of M. javanica females.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Compound
- benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- parasitism of M. javanica femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani but in lower parasitism of the eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing benzaldehyde lowered fungal parasitism of nematode eggs.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Compound
- benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- parasitism of the eggse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani but in lower parasitism of the eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani with 2 µg g-1 soil benzaldehyde improved tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- F. solanie0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Treatments with F. solani led to better plant growth when they were combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil”
The same questions in other papers
Fusarium solani · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.