Abstract
Four experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of Fusarium solani strain Fs5 against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The effect of population densities of M. javanica, various application rates of F. solani, moisture regimes and levels of benzaldehyde, a volatile compound of plant origin affecting the plant-nematode-fungus interaction, were also studied. F. solani parasitized eggs and females of M. javanica and thereby reduced root-knot severity in tomato. Although the fungus was frequently isolated from root tissues, it did not produce phytotoxic symptoms; instead, there was enhanced plant growth. At higher nematode densities, inner root colonization by the fungus increased. The rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and females also increased with increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levels. Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants. However, root-knot development was lower at all moisture regimes when F. solani was applied to the soil. Root colonization by F. solani and parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC) whereas egg parasitism by the fungus was greatest at 75% MHC. With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced. Root colonization by F. solani was greatest in soil treated with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil in the presence of M. javanica. Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani but in lower parasitism of the eggs. Treatments with F. solani led to better plant growth when they were combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani parasitized M. javanica eggs and females.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- parasitized eggs and females of M. javanicae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“F. solani parasitized eggs and females of M. javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani reduced root-knot severity in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- F. solanie0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root-knot severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. solani parasitized eggs and females of M. javanica and thereby reduced root-knot severity in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was frequently isolated from tomato root tissue.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese1
- Outcome
- frequently isolated from root tissuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“the fungus was frequently isolated from root tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus produced no phytotoxic symptoms in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- did not produce phytotoxic symptomse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“it did not produce phytotoxic symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal treatment enhanced tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5t1
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani strain Fs5Fusarium solanit1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“there was enhanced plant growth”
t1“Fusarium solani strain Fs5”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nematode density increased inner root colonization by the fungus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- higher nematode densitiese1
- Interactor
- funguse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inner root colonization by the funguse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“At higher nematode densities, inner root colonization by the fungus increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infection of M. javanica eggs and females increased with nematode density and fungal inoculum level.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levelse1
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1pathogen
- Outcome
- rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and femalese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“The rates of fungal infection on M. javanica eggs and females also increased with increasing nematode densities and fungal inoculum levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode invasion increased as soil moisture increased in treated and untreated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing soil moisturee1
- Outcome
- Nematode invasione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in both F. solani-treated and untreated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture in treated and untreated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing soil moisturee1
- Outcome
- root-knote1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in both F. solani-treated and untreated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Nematode invasion and subsequent root-knot increased with increasing soil moisture, in both F. solani-treated and untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani lowered root-knot development at every moisture regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- F. solani was applied to the soile1
- Outcome
- root-knot developmente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- at all moisture regimese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“root-knot development was lower at all moisture regimes when F. solani was applied to the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization by F. solani was highest at 50% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Root colonization by F. solanie1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 50% moisture holding capacitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Root colonization by F. solani and parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism of female nematodes was highest at 50% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- parasitism on female nematodese1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 50% moisture holding capacitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“parasitism on female nematodes was highest at 50% moisture holding capacity (MHC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg parasitism by the fungus was greatest at 75% MHC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- egg parasitism by the funguse1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Value
- 75% MHCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“egg parasitism by the fungus was greatest at 75% MHC”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil benzaldehyde progressively reduced nematode penetration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soile1
- Outcome
- nematode penetratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil benzaldehyde progressively reduced root-knot infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soile1
- Outcome
- root-knot infectione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“With increasing concentration of benzaldehyde in soil, nematode penetration and subsequent root-knot infection were progressively reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal root colonization was greatest with 2 µg g-1 benzaldehyde in the presence of M. javanica.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soile1
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Root colonization by F. solanie1
- Direction
- greateste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Root colonization by F. solani was greatest in soil treated with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil in the presence of M. javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing benzaldehyde increased fungal parasitism of M. javanica females.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing benzaldehyde concentrationse1
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solanie1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing benzaldehyde lowered fungal egg parasitism.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing benzaldehyde concentrationse1
- Outcome
- parasitism of the eggse1
- Direction
- lowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Increasing benzaldehyde concentrations resulted in increased parasitism of M. javanica females by F. solani but in lower parasitism of the eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani combined with 2 µg g-1 benzaldehyde produced better tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Treatments with F. solanie1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Qualifier
- combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Treatments with F. solani led to better plant growth when they were combined with benzaldehyde at 2 µg g-1 of soil”
The same questions in other papers
Fusarium solani · Meloidogyne javanica · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Fusarium solani · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.