Abstract
Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid, synthesizing significant amounts of geraniol. This hybrid is suitable for cultivation in an open ground in the Baltic region; therefore, increasing the yield and amounts of bioactive compounds by organic matter fertilization during organic farming is realized. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with liquid cattle dung and humus on the quantitative and qualitative composition of essential oils as well as on biomass for some morphometrical and anatomical parameters of Thymus × citriodorus that were grown in open ground for two years. Each fertilization treatment was carried out on four replications, and four separate experimental plots were used as control plots. For anatomical investigations, the impress method and light microscopy were used. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The results showed somewhat different effects of liquid cattle dung and humus on the investigated parameters of hybrid in the first (warmer and drier) and second (rainier and cooler) experimental years. Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and the area covered by plants and on the number and length of inflorescences as well as on the density of stomata in the lower epidermis in the first year, but in the second experimental year, effects were observed on the length of inflorescences only. The effect of humus on the density of glandular trichomes in the upper epidermis of leaves was positive in the first year, but negative in the second experimental year. Moreover, in the second experimental year, humus affected negatively the height of plants and the percentage of the essential oil. The conclusion was that although it is fertilized with the same organic fertilizers, different climatic conditions in different years can influence chemical, anatomical and morphometrical parameters of plants growing in an open ground.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and area covered by Thymus × citriodorus in the first year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorus
Thymus ×citriodoruse1 - Treatment
- Liquid cattle dunge3
- Outcome
- biomass, height and the area covered by plantse3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare3
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e3“Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and the area covered by plants and on the number and length of inflorescences as well as on the density of stomata in the lower epidermis in the first year”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on the number and length of inflorescences of Thymus × citriodorus in the first year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Treatment
- Liquid cattle dunge3
- Outcome
- number and length of inflorescencese3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare3
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e3“Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and the area covered by plants and on the number and length of inflorescences as well as on the density of stomata in the lower epidermis in the first year”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on stomatal density in the lower epidermis of Thymus × citriodorus in the first year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Organ / stage
- lower epidermise3
- Treatment
- Liquid cattle dunge3
- Outcome
- density of stomatae3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare3
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e3“Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and the area covered by plants and on the number and length of inflorescences as well as on the density of stomata in the lower epidermis in the first year”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second experimental year, Liquid cattle dung effects on Thymus × citriodorus were observed only on the length of inflorescences.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Treatment
- Liquid cattle dunge3
- Outcome
- length of inflorescencese4
- Qualifier
- second experimental yeare4
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e3“Liquid cattle dung had positive effects on biomass, height and the area covered by plants and on the number and length of inflorescences as well as on the density of stomata in the lower epidermis in the first year”
e4“in the second experimental year, effects were observed on the length of inflorescences only”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Humus had a positive effect on glandular trichome density in the upper leaf epidermis of Thymus × citriodorus in the first year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Organ / stage
- upper epidermis of leavese5
- Treatment
- humuse5
- Outcome
- density of glandular trichomese5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare5
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e5“The effect of humus on the density of glandular trichomes in the upper epidermis of leaves was positive in the first year, but negative in the second experimental year”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Humus had a negative effect on glandular trichome density in the upper leaf epidermis of Thymus × citriodorus in the second experimental year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Organ / stage
- upper epidermis of leavese5
- Treatment
- humuse5
- Outcome
- density of glandular trichomese5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- in the second experimental yeare5
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e5“The effect of humus on the density of glandular trichomes in the upper epidermis of leaves was positive in the first year, but negative in the second experimental year”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Humus reduced plant height and essential oil percentage of Thymus × citriodorus in the second experimental year.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Treatment
- humuse6
- Outcome
- height of plants and the percentage of the essential oile6
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede6
- Qualifier
- second experimental yeare5
- Comparator
- control plotse2
- Setting
- open grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e2“four separate experimental plots were used as control plots”
e5“The effect of humus on the density of glandular trichomes in the upper epidermis of leaves was positive in the first year, but negative in the second experimental year”
e6“humus affected negatively the height of plants and the percentage of the essential oil”
e0“grown in open ground for two years”
Claim · model-written summary
Different climatic conditions in different years can influence chemical, anatomical and morphometrical parameters of Thymus × citriodorus grown in open ground.
- Taxon
- Thymus × citriodorusThymus ×citriodoruse1
- Treatment
- different climatic conditions in different yearse7
- Outcome
- chemical, anatomical and morphometrical parameterse7
- Setting
- open grounde7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thymus × citriodorus (Lamiaceae) is medicinal, essential oil-bearing hybrid”
e7“different climatic conditions in different years can influence chemical, anatomical and morphometrical parameters of plants growing in an open ground”