Abstract
To investigate the effect of surface water and underground water drip irrigation on cotton yield, dry matter accumulation and nutrients uptake, two consecutive field experiments were conducted. The first experiment (different mixing ratio irrigation) comprised of five ratios of underground water to surface water including; 1:0 (U), 0:1 (S), 1:1 (U:S = 1:1), 1:2 (U:S = 1:2) and 1:3 (U:S = 1:3). Whereas, the second experiment (round irrigation) comprised of eight treatments including: 1:3 (T1), 2:2 (T2), 3:1 (T3), {S:U 3:1 (T4)}, 2:2 {S:U (T5)}, 1:3 {S:U (T6)}, 4:0 (T7) and 0:4 (T8). The average concentration of leaves dry matter after 8th irrigation in different mixing ratio experiment was significantly increased by 131.2% (S), 34.4% (U: S = 1:1), 59.3% (U: S = 1:2), and 93.7% (U: S = 1:3), respectively, relative to U treatment. Likewise, the stem dry matter increased from 48.5 g (U), to 122.2 g (S) and 101.6 g (U:S = 1:3). The soil available N at 0-20 cm after 8th irrigation recorded an average increase rate of 40.1%, 6.6%, 13.5%, and 29.5%, respectively. However, at 20-40cm an average increase rate of 37.4% (S), 7.1% (U: S = 1:1), 20.0% (U: S = 1:2), and 21.9% (U: S = 1:3) were noted (p < 0.05). The highest cotton yield of 6571 kg h-1 was recorded in S treatment compared with the U treatment (5492 kg h-1), U: S = 1:1 (5502 kg h-1), U: S = 1:2 (5873 kg h-1) and U: S = 1:3 (6111 kg h-1). Contrastingly, in round irrigation experiment the highest leaves dry matter at various growth stages were recorded in T8 treatment. For instance, compared with T7 treatment an average increase rate of 50.6% (growth), 100.9% (boll) and 93.3% (boll opening), in stem dry matter were recorded in T8 treatment. Moreover, the concentration of N in round irrigation at 0-20 cm at different growth stages were 83.3±2.8 (growth stage), 79.01±1.84 (boll stage), and 96.16±3.83 (boll opening stage) in T8. Whereas, in T7 the concentration of N was 36.1±5.9 (growth), 54.51±2.81 (boll), and 53.9±3.83 (boll opening) (p < 0.05). Similarly, cotton yield were substantially higher in T8 applied treatment and follows the sequence of T8 > T1 > T4 > T2 > T5 > T3 > T6 > T7. Overall, our findings provide meaningful information to current irrigation practices in water scarce regions. Improving water use efficiency is a viable solution to the water scarcity. Therefore, surface water irrigation is recommended as an effective irrigation strategies to improve cotton yield and growth.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Surface water increased leaf dry matter by 131.2% relative to underground water after the eighth irrigation.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- leaves dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 131.2%e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“The average concentration of leaves dry matter after 8th irrigation in different mixing ratio experiment was significantly increased by 131.2% (S), 34.4% (U: S = 1:1), 59.3% (U: S = 1:2), and 93.7% (U: S = 1:3), respectively, relative to U treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
U: S = 1:1 increased leaf dry matter by 34.4% relative to underground water after the eighth irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- U: S = 1:1e0
- Outcome
- leaves dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.4%e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“The average concentration of leaves dry matter after 8th irrigation in different mixing ratio experiment was significantly increased by 131.2% (S), 34.4% (U: S = 1:1), 59.3% (U: S = 1:2), and 93.7% (U: S = 1:3), respectively, relative to U treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
U: S = 1:2 increased leaf dry matter by 59.3% relative to underground water after the eighth irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- U: S = 1:2e0
- Outcome
- leaves dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59.3%e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“The average concentration of leaves dry matter after 8th irrigation in different mixing ratio experiment was significantly increased by 131.2% (S), 34.4% (U: S = 1:1), 59.3% (U: S = 1:2), and 93.7% (U: S = 1:3), respectively, relative to U treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
U: S = 1:3 increased leaf dry matter by 93.7% relative to underground water after the eighth irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- U: S = 1:3e0
- Outcome
- leaves dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 93.7%e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“The average concentration of leaves dry matter after 8th irrigation in different mixing ratio experiment was significantly increased by 131.2% (S), 34.4% (U: S = 1:1), 59.3% (U: S = 1:2), and 93.7% (U: S = 1:3), respectively, relative to U treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem dry matter rose from 48.5 g under U to 122.2 g under S.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- stem dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 122.2 ge0
- Qualifier
- 48.5 ge0
- Comparator
- Ue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Likewise, the stem dry matter increased from 48.5 g (U), to 122.2 g (S) and 101.6 g (U:S = 1:3).”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem dry matter rose from 48.5 g under U to 101.6 g under U:S = 1:3.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- U:S = 1:3e0
- Outcome
- stem dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 101.6 ge0
- Qualifier
- 48.5 ge0
- Comparator
- Ue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Likewise, the stem dry matter increased from 48.5 g (U), to 122.2 g (S) and 101.6 g (U:S = 1:3).”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20-40 cm, S increased soil available N by 37.4%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- average increase ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 37.4%e0
- Qualifier
- 20-40cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“However, at 20-40cm an average increase rate of 37.4% (S), 7.1% (U: S = 1:1), 20.0% (U: S = 1:2), and 21.9% (U: S = 1:3) were noted (p < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20-40 cm, U: S = 1:1 increased soil available N by 7.1%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- average increase ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 20-40cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“However, at 20-40cm an average increase rate of 37.4% (S), 7.1% (U: S = 1:1), 20.0% (U: S = 1:2), and 21.9% (U: S = 1:3) were noted (p < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20-40 cm, U: S = 1:2 increased soil available N by 20.0%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- average increase ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.0%e0
- Qualifier
- 20-40cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“However, at 20-40cm an average increase rate of 37.4% (S), 7.1% (U: S = 1:1), 20.0% (U: S = 1:2), and 21.9% (U: S = 1:3) were noted (p < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20-40 cm, U: S = 1:3 increased soil available N by 21.9%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- average increase ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 20-40cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“However, at 20-40cm an average increase rate of 37.4% (S), 7.1% (U: S = 1:1), 20.0% (U: S = 1:2), and 21.9% (U: S = 1:3) were noted (p < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface water produced the highest cotton yield, 6571 kg h-1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- S treatmente0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6571 kg h-1e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“The highest cotton yield of 6571 kg h-1 was recorded in S treatment compared with the U treatment (5492 kg h-1), U: S = 1:1 (5502 kg h-1), U: S = 1:2 (5873 kg h-1) and U: S = 1:3 (6111 kg h-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had the highest leaf dry matter at the measured growth stages.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T8 treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaves dry mattere0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Contrastingly, in round irrigation experiment the highest leaves dry matter at various growth stages were recorded in T8 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 raised stem dry matter by 50.6% at growth relative to T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- growthe0
- Treatment
- T8 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 50.6%e0
- Comparator
- T7 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“For instance, compared with T7 treatment an average increase rate of 50.6% (growth), 100.9% (boll) and 93.3% (boll opening), in stem dry matter were recorded in T8 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 raised stem dry matter by 100.9% at boll relative to T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- bolle0
- Treatment
- T8 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 100.9%e0
- Comparator
- T7 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“For instance, compared with T7 treatment an average increase rate of 50.6% (growth), 100.9% (boll) and 93.3% (boll opening), in stem dry matter were recorded in T8 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 raised stem dry matter by 93.3% at boll opening relative to T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- boll openinge0
- Treatment
- T8 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 93.3%e0
- Comparator
- T7 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“For instance, compared with T7 treatment an average increase rate of 50.6% (growth), 100.9% (boll) and 93.3% (boll opening), in stem dry matter were recorded in T8 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had soil N concentration 83.3±2.8 at growth stage, higher than T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Treatment
- T8e0
- Outcome
- concentration of Ne0
- Value
- 83.3±2.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Moreover, the concentration of N in round irrigation at 0-20 cm at different growth stages were 83.3±2.8 (growth stage), 79.01±1.84 (boll stage), and 96.16±3.83 (boll opening stage) in T8.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had soil N concentration 79.01±1.84 at boll stage, higher than T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- boll stagee0
- Treatment
- T8e0
- Outcome
- concentration of Ne0
- Value
- 79.01±1.84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Moreover, the concentration of N in round irrigation at 0-20 cm at different growth stages were 83.3±2.8 (growth stage), 79.01±1.84 (boll stage), and 96.16±3.83 (boll opening stage) in T8.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had soil N concentration 96.16±3.83 at boll opening stage, higher than T7.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- boll opening stagee0
- Treatment
- T8e0
- Outcome
- concentration of Ne0
- Value
- 96.16±3.83e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Moreover, the concentration of N in round irrigation at 0-20 cm at different growth stages were 83.3±2.8 (growth stage), 79.01±1.84 (boll stage), and 96.16±3.83 (boll opening stage) in T8.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield under T8 was highest in the stated treatment ranking.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T8 applied treatmente0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- T7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Similarly, cotton yield were substantially higher in T8 applied treatment and follows the sequence of T8 > T1 > T4 > T2 > T5 > T3 > T6 > T7.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend surface water irrigation to improve cotton yield and growth.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- surface water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- surface water irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth and yield”
e0“Therefore, surface water irrigation is recommended as an effective irrigation strategies to improve cotton yield and growth.”
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