Abstract
In order to enhance soil qualities and boost crop output, gypsum, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and chitosan are all viable solutions. This study’s goal was to find out how different amounts of chitosan—0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L−1—in combination with gypsum and PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis), affected the yield of maize plants growing in saline–sodic soil. Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021, using a split plot design. According to the findings, applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved plant physiology (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proline levels), nutrient indicators (N, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio), soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, urease, amylase, and invertase), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and porosity. On the other hand, we revealed positive effects on Na+, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), and the proportion of exchangeable sodium (ESP), thus, enhancing the productivity compared to the alternative treatment. Therefore, it might be inferred that using gypsum, microbial inoculation, and 50 mg L−1 chitosan may be a key strategy for reducing the detrimental effects of salinity on maize plants.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment improved chlorophyll, carotenoids and proline levels of maize.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise6symbiont - Outcome
- chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proline levelse2
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- Field testse0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e2“plant physiology (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proline levels)”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment improved N, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio of maize.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- N, K+ and K+/Na+ ratioe3
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- Field testse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e3“nutrient indicators (N, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio)”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment improved dehydrogenase, urease and amylase activity in soil.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase, urease, amylasee4
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- Field testse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e4“soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, urease, amylase, and invertase)”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment improved invertase activity in soil.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- invertasee4
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- Field testse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e4“soil enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, urease, amylase, and invertase)”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment improved cation exchange capacity and porosity of the soil.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacity (CEC), and porositye5
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- Field testse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e5“cation exchange capacity (CEC), and porosity”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with the alternative treatment, the gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment decreased Na+, bulk density and electrical conductivity.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- Na+, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC)e7
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Comparator
- alternative treatmente7
- Setting
- Field testse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e7“we revealed positive effects on Na+, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), and the proportion of exchangeable sodium (ESP), thus, enhancing the productivity compared to the alternative treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with the alternative treatment, the gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment decreased the proportion of exchangeable sodium.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- the proportion of exchangeable sodium (ESP)e7
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Comparator
- alternative treatmente7
- Setting
- Field testse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e7“we revealed positive effects on Na+, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), and the proportion of exchangeable sodium (ESP), thus, enhancing the productivity compared to the alternative treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum, PGPR and 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment enhanced maize productivity compared with the alternative treatment.
- Treatment
- gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8)e1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum lipoferumAzospirillum lipoferume6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- productivitye7
- Direction
- enhancinge7
- Comparator
- alternative treatmente7
- Setting
- Field testse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Gypsum and Bio-Priming of Maize Grains”
e0“Field tests were carried out in triplicate across two growing seasons, 2020 and 2021”
e1“applying the gypsum + PGPR + 50 mg L−1 chitosan treatment (T8) considerably improved”
e6“PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum + Bacillus subtilis)”
e7“we revealed positive effects on Na+, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), and the proportion of exchangeable sodium (ESP), thus, enhancing the productivity compared to the alternative treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum, microbial inoculation and 50 mg L−1 chitosan may be a key strategy for reducing the detrimental effects of salinity on maize.
- Treatment
- gypsum, microbial inoculation, and 50 mg L−1 chitosane0
- Outcome
- reducing the detrimental effects of salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using gypsum, microbial inoculation, and 50 mg L−1 chitosan may be a key strategy for reducing the detrimental effects of salinity on maize plants”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Azospirillum lipoferum · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.