Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the significant effects of inorganic sulfur and cysteine on grain protein and flour quality in wheat and to provide a theoretical basis of wheat cultivation techniques with high yield and quality. In the field experiment, a winter wheat cultivar, Yangmai 16, was used, and five treatments were established, i.e., S0 (no sulfur fertilizer application during the whole wheat growth period), S(B)60 (60 kg ha−1 inorganic sulfur fertilizer was applied as the basal fertilizer), Cys(B)60 (60 kg ha−1 cysteine sulfur fertilizer was applied as the basal fertilizer), S(J)60 (60 kg ha−1 inorganic sulfur fertilizer was applied as the jointing fertilizer), and Cys(J)60 (60 kg ha−1 cysteine sulfur fertilizer was applied as the jointing fertilizer). The fertilizer application at jointing stage showed a better influence than basal fertilizer application on protein quality; for the content of albumin, gliadin, and high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-GS), Cys(J)60 was the best among these treatments. An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively. A similar trend was found in the end-use quality, as exemplified by an increase of 38.6%, 10.9%, 60.5%, and 109.8% in wet gluten content, dry gluten content, sedimentation volume, and bread-specific volume, respectively; a decrease of 69.3% and 69.1% in bread hardness and bread chewiness was found under Cys(J)60. In terms of application period, topdressing at jointing stage is compared with base fertilizer, the sulfur fertilizer application at jointing stage showed larger effects on grain protein and flour quality, from the different types of sulfur fertilizer, the application of cysteine performed better than the use of inorganic sulfur. The Cys(J)60 exhibited the best effects on protein and flour quality. It was suggested that sufficient sulfur application at jointing stage has the potential to enhance the grain protein and flour quality.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing stage fertilizer improved protein quality more than basal fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- fertilizer application at jointing stagee0
- Outcome
- protein qualitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- basal fertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilizer application at jointing stage showed a better influence than basal fertilizer application on protein quality”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 was best for albumin, gliadin and HMW-GS content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- content of albumin, gliadin, and high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-GS)e0
- Direction
- beste0
- Comparator
- these treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the content of albumin, gliadin, and high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-GS), Cys(J)60 was the best among these treatments”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased grain yield by 7.9% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 7.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased glutenin content by 24.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- glutenin contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased GMP by 43.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- glutenin macro-polymer (GMP)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 43.5%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased LMW-GS by 22.7% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased sulfur content by 36.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- S contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 36.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of 7.9%, 24.4%, 43.5%, 22.7% and 36.4% was found in grain yield, glutenin content, glutenin macro-polymer (GMP), low molecular weight glutenin (LMW-GS), and S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased wet gluten content by 38.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e2
- Outcome
- wet gluten contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 38.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 38.6%, 10.9%, 60.5%, and 109.8% in wet gluten content, dry gluten content, sedimentation volume, and bread-specific volume, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
e2“S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased dry gluten content by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e2
- Outcome
- dry gluten contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 38.6%, 10.9%, 60.5%, and 109.8% in wet gluten content, dry gluten content, sedimentation volume, and bread-specific volume, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
e2“S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased sedimentation volume by 60.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e2
- Outcome
- sedimentation volumee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 60.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 38.6%, 10.9%, 60.5%, and 109.8% in wet gluten content, dry gluten content, sedimentation volume, and bread-specific volume, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
e2“S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 increased bread specific volume by 109.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e2
- Outcome
- bread-specific volumee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 109.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 38.6%, 10.9%, 60.5%, and 109.8% in wet gluten content, dry gluten content, sedimentation volume, and bread-specific volume, respectively”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
e2“S content under Cys(J)60, in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 reduced bread hardness by 69.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- bread hardnesse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 69.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease of 69.3% and 69.1% in bread hardness and bread chewiness was found under Cys(J)60”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys(J)60 reduced bread chewiness by 69.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Cys(J)60e0
- Outcome
- bread chewinesse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 69.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease of 69.3% and 69.1% in bread hardness and bread chewiness was found under Cys(J)60”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing stage sulfur application had larger grain protein and flour quality effects than basal application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- sulfur fertilizer application at jointing stagee0
- Outcome
- grain protein and flour qualitye0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- base fertilizere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sulfur fertilizer application at jointing stage showed larger effects on grain protein and flour quality”
e1“topdressing at jointing stage is compared with base fertilizer”
e2“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cysteine performed better than inorganic sulfur.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of cysteinee0
- Outcome
- performed bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- use of inorganic sulfure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of cysteine performed better than the use of inorganic sulfur”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sufficient sulfur at jointing to enhance grain protein and flour quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- sufficient sulfur application at jointing stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sufficient sulfur application at jointing stage has the potential to enhance the grain protein and flour quality”
e1“flour quality in wheat”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →fertilization · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
500 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
562 papers more in this group
See all 566 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.