Abstract
Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) are two competitive broad-leaved weeds commonly found in cereals in Europe, while several weed species have developed resistance to the main herbicides that are applied on these crops. Thus, the implementation of integrated weed management (IWM) programs is of great importance. Field experiments were conducted based on a split-plot design with two factors (sowing date and herbicides). Our results showed that the density of wild mustard and milk thistle was higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing, while the total weed density was up to 75% higher in early sowing. Moreover, the herbicides florasulam + 2.4-D and bromoxynil + 2.4-D exhibited high efficacy (>98%) against milk thistle and wild mustard, while tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid provided greater efficacy in the late sowing compared to the early sowing. Among the four herbicides, the lowest dry biomass and grain yield of wheat were observed in tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid, while in the weed-infested treatment, the highest values of both parameters were recorded in late sowing. Finally, the results showed that the sowing date is a cultural weed control method that should be implemented in IWM programs, since it can affect both weed density and herbicide efficacy.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Wild mustard density was higher under early than late sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum Wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- early sowinge0
- Interactor
- wild mustarde0weed
- Outcome
- density of wild mustarde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- late sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the density of wild mustard and milk thistle was higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk thistle density was higher under early than late sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- early sowinge0
- Interactor
- milk thistle
Silybum marianume0weed - Outcome
- density of wild mustard and milk thistlee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- late sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the density of wild mustard and milk thistle was higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Total weed density was up to 75% higher under early sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- early sowinge0
- Outcome
- total weed densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Comparator
- late sowinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total weed density was up to 75% higher in early sowing”
e1“higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Florasulam + 2.4-D had over 98% efficacy against milk thistle and wild mustard.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- florasulam + 2.4-De0
- Interactor
- milk thistleSilybum marianume0weed
- Second interactor
- wild mustarde0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- >98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the herbicides florasulam + 2.4-D and bromoxynil + 2.4-D exhibited high efficacy (>98%) against milk thistle and wild mustard”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bromoxynil + 2.4-D had over 98% efficacy against milk thistle and wild mustard.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- bromoxynil + 2.4-De0
- Interactor
- milk thistleSilybum marianume0weed
- Second interactor
- wild mustarde0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- >98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the herbicides florasulam + 2.4-D and bromoxynil + 2.4-D exhibited high efficacy (>98%) against milk thistle and wild mustard”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tribenuron-methyl efficacy was greater under late than early sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- tribenuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- late sowinge0
- Comparator
- early sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid provided greater efficacy in the late sowing compared to the early sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Florasulam + clopyralid efficacy was greater under late than early sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- florasulam + clopyralide0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- late sowinge0
- Comparator
- early sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid provided greater efficacy in the late sowing compared to the early sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat dry biomass was lowest under tribenuron-methyl.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- tribenuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dry biomass and grain yield of wheat were observed in tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was lowest under tribenuron-methyl.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- tribenuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dry biomass and grain yield of wheat were observed in tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat dry biomass was lowest under florasulam + clopyralid.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- florasulam + clopyralide0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dry biomass and grain yield of wheat were observed in tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was lowest under florasulam + clopyralid.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- florasulam + clopyralide0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dry biomass and grain yield of wheat were observed in tribenuron-methyl and florasulam + clopyralid”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In weed-infested plots, wheat dry biomass was highest with late sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- highest values of both parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- weed-infested treatmente0
- Comparator
- early sowinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the weed-infested treatment, the highest values of both parameters were recorded in late sowing”
e1“higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In weed-infested plots, wheat grain yield was highest with late sowing.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- highest values of both parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- weed-infested treatmente0
- Comparator
- early sowinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the weed-infested treatment, the highest values of both parameters were recorded in late sowing”
e1“higher in the early sowing compared to the late sowing”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sowing date as a cultural control in integrated weed management.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- sowing date is a cultural weed control method that should be implemented in IWM programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sowing date is a cultural weed control method that should be implemented in IWM programs”
t0“Durum Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
clopyralid · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Florasulam · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.