Abstract
In order to identify new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from four edible flower samples [Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, and Cucurbita pepo L.) were systemically investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic profile of each extract were investigated, and antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, total reduction capability, and ferrous ions chelating activity. Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds. Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW). The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts. The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL). Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities. Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All flower extracts showed antioxidant activity and contained phenolic compounds.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solvents differed in extraction efficiency for phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant compounds.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities.”
t0“four edible flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanolic B. hispida extract had the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW).
- Taxon
- B. hispida
Benincasa hispidae0 - Treatment
- 70% ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 49.92 mg GAE/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW).”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanolic B. hispida extract had the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (0.073 mg/mL).
- Taxon
- B. hispidaBenincasa hispidae0
- Treatment
- 70% ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- superoxide radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.073 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW).”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanolic B. hispida extract had the highest FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW).
- Taxon
- B. hispidaBenincasa hispidae0
- Treatment
- 70% ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- FRAP valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.05 mg of GAE/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW).”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic W. sinensis extract had the highest total flavonoid content at 30.39 mg QE/g DW.
- Taxon
- W. sinensis
Wisteria sinensise0 - Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- TFCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 30.39 mg QE/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apigenin, luteolin and myricetin contents in ethanolic W. sinensis extract were significantly higher than in other extracts.
- Taxon
- W. sinensisWisteria sinensise0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 40% ethanolic L. cylindrica extract had the highest DPPH scavenging capacity.
Verbatim
e0“The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL).”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract of B. hispida had the highest chelating activity.
- Taxon
- B. hispidaBenincasa hispidae0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Outcome
- chelating activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.027 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL).”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolics and flavonoids were associated with DPPH scavenging and FRAP activities.
- Taxon
- flowerst0
- Compound
- total phenolics and flavonoidse0
- Outcome
- DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities.”
t0“four edible flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest edible flowers as natural antioxidant sources and functional food ingredients.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.”