Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with many agricultural crops and can improve plant biomass and health. The performance of the AM symbiosis is context dependent, for example, usually the inoculation of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis benefits plant biomass, but benefits can be suppressed by high soil fertility levels. Nevertheless, the importance of many other agricultural management practices on AMF, such as fungicides application, is poorly understood. Also, pesticide regulations usually neglect a comprehensive safety testing of fungicides on AMF and lawmakers require empirical support to improve such laws. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spraying fungicides on tomato plants and the subsequent root colonization of plants grown in natural soil containing AMF and inoculated with R. irregularis . We detected that the inoculation of R. irregularis increased the total root colonization of the control plants that did not receive fungicides and that spraying the plants with the fungicides Signum ® and Topas ® reduced total root colonization. The effect on specific AM fungal structures was variable according to the product. Signum ® reduced the occurrence of arbuscules, while Topas ® reduced the occurrence of AM hyphae in the colonized roots. Cuprozin ® did not reduce total root colonization but reduced the occurrence of AM vesicles. Sampling time was also relevant. Effects were detected at 90 days, but not at 35 days. Our results show that fungicides safety should be evaluated for their effects on root colonization of crops in non-sterilized soils and at adequate sampling time.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis increased total root colonization of tomato plants that received no fungicides.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- inoculation of R. irregularise0
- Interactor
- R. irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Outcome
- total root colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plants that did not receive fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the inoculation of R. irregularis increased the total root colonization of the control plants that did not receive fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying tomato plants with Signum and Topas fungicides reduced total root colonization by R. irregularis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fungicides Signum ® and Topas ®e0
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root colonizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control plants that did not receive fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the inoculation of R. irregularis increased the total root colonization of the control plants that did not receive fungicides and that spraying the plants with the fungicides Signum ® and Topas ® reduced total root colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Signum reduced the occurrence of arbuscules in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Signum ®e1
- Outcome
- occurrence of arbusculese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“Signum ® reduced the occurrence of arbuscules, while Topas ® reduced the occurrence of AM hyphae in the colonized roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Topas reduced the occurrence of AM hyphae in colonized tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Topas ®e1
- Outcome
- occurrence of AM hyphaee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“Signum ® reduced the occurrence of arbuscules, while Topas ® reduced the occurrence of AM hyphae in the colonized roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuprozin did not reduce total root colonization of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cuprozin ®e2
- Outcome
- total root colonizatione2
- Direction
- did not reducee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e2“Cuprozin ® did not reduce total root colonization but reduced the occurrence of AM vesicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuprozin reduced the occurrence of AM vesicles in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cuprozin ®e2
- Outcome
- occurrence of AM vesiclese2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e2“Cuprozin ® did not reduce total root colonization but reduced the occurrence of AM vesicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide effects on root colonization were detected at 90 days but not at 35 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sampling timee3
- Outcome
- Effectse3
- Qualifier
- at 90 days, but not at 35 dayse3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e3“Sampling time was also relevant. Effects were detected at 90 days, but not at 35 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend evaluating fungicide safety for effects on root colonization of crops in non-sterilized soils and at adequate sampling time.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- root colonizatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e4“Our results show that fungicides safety should be evaluated for their effects on root colonization of crops in non-sterilized soils and at adequate sampling time”
The same questions in other papers
Rhizophagus irregularis · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
inoculation · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
135 papers in the same direction as this paper · 128 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
262 papers more in this group
See all 266 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.