Abstract
Insufficient soil moisture and heat often limit crop productivity in semiarid regions. The effects of the ridge–furrow mulching system (RFMS) on improving the soil water and temperature conditions have been confirmed in many studies, but the effects of different ridge–furrow ratios on the changes in soil water, temperature, and the interception rate of canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PARIR), and thus crop productivity remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment from 2015 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China by testing conventional tillage without mulch (CK) as a control treatment and three ridge–furrow ratios (60:60 cm, 80:40 cm, and 50:10 cm). We studied the changes in the soil hydrothermal characteristics and the response of maize canopy under continuous mulching with different ridge–furrow ratios. Compared with CK, RFMS increased the soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer by 5.2–9.3% and the effective accumulated soil temperature by 10.4–29.1%. The hydrothermal properties affected the maize canopy under RFMS where compared with CK, PARIR increased by 6.3–11.7% at 61 to 90 days after planting (DAP) and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%. Correlation analysis showed that the contribution of precipitation from 0 to 90 DAP to the maize yield was greater than that of the effective accumulated soil temperature, whereas the contribution of the effective accumulated soil temperature was greater at 91 to 150 DAP. The precipitation during 61 to 90 DAP was the most important factor that affected the yield during the whole growth period. Thus, increasing the ridge–furrow ratio can improve the soil hydrothermal properties and maize productivity to ensure food security and avoid resource shortages in the Loess Plateau region and similar areas.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge–furrow mulching increased soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer by 5.2–9.3% compared with CK in maize plots.
- Treatment
- RFMSe1
- Outcome
- soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layere1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 5.2–9.3%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- Loess Plateau region of northwest Chinae0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field experiment from 2015 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China”
e1“Compared with CK, RFMS increased the soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer by 5.2–9.3% and the effective accumulated soil temperature by 10.4–29.1%”
e3“and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge–furrow mulching increased the effective accumulated soil temperature by 10.4–29.1% compared with CK in maize plots.
- Treatment
- RFMSe1
- Outcome
- effective accumulated soil temperaturee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10.4–29.1%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- Loess Plateau region of northwest Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field experiment from 2015 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China”
e1“Compared with CK, RFMS increased the soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer by 5.2–9.3% and the effective accumulated soil temperature by 10.4–29.1%”
e3“and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge–furrow mulching increased canopy PAR interception (PARIR) by 6.3–11.7% compared with CK at 61 to 90 days after planting.
- Treatment
- RFMSe2
- Outcome
- PARIRe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 6.3–11.7%e2
- Qualifier
- 61 to 90 days after planting (DAP)e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
- Setting
- Loess Plateau region of northwest Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field experiment from 2015 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China”
e2“under RFMS where compared with CK, PARIR increased by 6.3–11.7% at 61 to 90 days after planting (DAP)”
e3“and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge–furrow mulching increased maize yield by 44.8–77.9% compared with CK.
- Treatment
- RFMSe2
- Outcome
- maize yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 44.8–77.9%e3
- Comparator
- CKe2
- Setting
- Loess Plateau region of northwest Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field experiment from 2015 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China”
e2“under RFMS where compared with CK, PARIR increased by 6.3–11.7% at 61 to 90 days after planting (DAP)”
e3“and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of precipitation from 0 to 90 DAP to maize yield was greater than that of the effective accumulated soil temperature.
- Outcome
- contribution of precipitation from 0 to 90 DAP to the maize yielde4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- effective accumulated soil temperaturee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the contribution of precipitation from 0 to 90 DAP to the maize yield was greater than that of the effective accumulated soil temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of the effective accumulated soil temperature to maize yield was greater than that of precipitation at 91 to 150 DAP.
- Outcome
- contribution of the effective accumulated soil temperaturee5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Qualifier
- 91 to 150 DAPe5
- Comparator
- precipitation from 0 to 90 DAPe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the contribution of precipitation from 0 to 90 DAP to the maize yield was greater than that of the effective accumulated soil temperature”
e5“whereas the contribution of the effective accumulated soil temperature was greater at 91 to 150 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Precipitation during 61 to 90 DAP was the most important factor affecting maize yield over the whole growth period.
- Treatment
- precipitation during 61 to 90 DAPe6
- Outcome
- most important factor that affected the yielde6
- Qualifier
- during the whole growth periode6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“and the maize yield finally increased by 44.8–77.9%”
e6“The precipitation during 61 to 90 DAP was the most important factor that affected the yield during the whole growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the ridge–furrow ratio can improve soil hydrothermal properties and maize productivity in the Loess Plateau region.
- Treatment
- increasing the ridge–furrow ratioe7
- Outcome
- soil hydrothermal properties and maize productivitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“increasing the ridge–furrow ratio can improve the soil hydrothermal properties and maize productivity”
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