Abstract
Abstract Cover cropping is mainly used to prevent soil erosion, but the effects of individual cover crops on the subsequent soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are hardly known. Therefore, two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017. Cover crops were sown in July in 3‐ × 10‐m plots in a randomized block design with three replicates and were incorporated in mid‐April before soybean were seeded. Cover crop biomass differed between plant species and year (2016, 626 ± 390; 2017, 84 ± 86.1 g m −2 ). Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment, but single cover crop species such as ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. var . westerwoldicum Wittm.), kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria L.), and corn cockle ( Agrostemma githago L.) impeded soybean seeding due to high root densities and prevented germination or fostered outbreak of two‐spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch). These three cover crops reduced soybean grain yield by 12–84%. Grain yield was a function of grain density m −2 in a three‐way interaction with year and cover crop treatment, but not by plant or pod density. Protein, oil, and sucrose content of soybean were unaffected by cover crop treatments. Overall, with the exception of ryegrass, kidney vetch, and corn cockle, cover crops can be grown ahead of soybean without any yield loss and can be used for their versatile ecosystem services.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- Aboveground cover crop biomasse1
- Outcome
- soybean establishmente1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Setting
- semi‐arid East Austriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Single cover crop species such as ryegrass impeded soybean seeding relative to bare fallow, due to high root densities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- single cover crop species such as ryegrasse2
- Outcome
- soybean seedinge2
- Direction
- impedede2
- Qualifier
- due to high root densitiese2
- Comparator
- bare fallowe0
- Setting
- semi‐arid East Austriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“single cover crop species such as ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. var . westerwoldicum Wittm.), kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria L.), and corn cockle ( Agrostemma githago L.) impeded soybean seeding due to high root densities”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Single cover crop species such as ryegrass prevented germination (organism not named in the abstract) relative to bare fallow.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- single cover crop species such as ryegrasse2
- Outcome
- germinatione2
- Direction
- preventede2
- Comparator
- bare fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“single cover crop species such as ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. var . westerwoldicum Wittm.), kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria L.), and corn cockle ( Agrostemma githago L.) impeded soybean seeding due to high root densities and prevented germination or fostered outbreak of two‐spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch)”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Single cover crop species such as ryegrass fostered outbreak of two-spotted spider mites relative to bare fallow.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- single cover crop species such as ryegrasse2
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae Koch
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Tetranychus urticaee2pest - Outcome
- outbreake2
- Direction
- fosterede2
- Comparator
- bare fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“single cover crop species such as ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. var . westerwoldicum Wittm.), kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria L.), and corn cockle ( Agrostemma githago L.) impeded soybean seeding due to high root densities and prevented germination or fostered outbreak of two‐spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch)”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
These three cover crops reduced soybean grain yield by 12–84% relative to bare fallow.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- These three cover cropse3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 12–84%e3
- Comparator
- bare fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“These three cover crops reduced soybean grain yield by 12–84%”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was a function of grain density in a three-way interaction with year and cover crop treatment, but not of plant or pod density.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- cover crop treatmente4
- Outcome
- Grain yielde4
- Qualifier
- in a three‐way interaction with yeare4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Grain yield was a function of grain density m −2 in a three‐way interaction with year and cover crop treatment, but not by plant or pod density”
e5“Protein, oil, and sucrose content of soybean were unaffected by cover crop treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein, oil and sucrose content of soybean were unaffected by cover crop treatments relative to bare fallow.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- cover crop treatmentse5
- Outcome
- Protein, oil, and sucrose contente5
- Direction
- unaffectede5
- Comparator
- bare fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Protein, oil, and sucrose content of soybean were unaffected by cover crop treatments”
e0“two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops other than ryegrass, kidney vetch and corn cockle can be grown ahead of soybean without yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Outcome
- yield losse6
- Qualifier
- with the exception of ryegrass, kidney vetch, and corn cocklee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“with the exception of ryegrass, kidney vetch, and corn cockle, cover crops can be grown ahead of soybean without any yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop biomass in 2016 was 626 ± 390 (g m-2 as reported).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- Cover crop biomasse7
- Value
- 626 ± 390e7
- Qualifier
- 2016e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Cover crop biomass differed between plant species and year (2016, 626 ± 390; 2017, 84 ± 86.1 g m −2 )”
e1“Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop biomass in 2017 was 84 ± 86.1 g m −2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- Cover crop biomasse7
- Value
- 84 ± 86.1 g m −2e7
- Qualifier
- 2017e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Cover crop biomass differed between plant species and year (2016, 626 ± 390; 2017, 84 ± 86.1 g m −2 )”
e1“Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment”
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