Abstract
Soil degradation, carbon depletion, and resource degradation have questioned the sustainability of rice–wheat system (RWS) of South Asia. Therefore, we assessed the changes in soil physical properties and carbon pool in a ten-year old CA system undertaken in a clayey loam soil. Results revealed that a triple zero-tillage (TZT) system with crops residue [i.e., ZT direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR)+mungbean residue (MR) - ZT wheat (ZTW)+rice residue (RR)- ZT mungbean (ZTMB)+wheat residue (WR) (CA5)] resulted in higher soil aggregates than conventional tillage [CT, i.e. puddled transplanted rice (PTR)-conventional tillage wheat(CTW)], double zero-tillage (DZT) [i.e., ZTDSR-ZTW (CA1), ZTDSR+WR-ZTW+RR (CA2), ZTDSR+WR+brown manuring (BM)-ZTW+RR (CA3)] and TZT without residue [(i.e. ZTDSR-ZTW-ZTMB) (CA4)]. The CA5 also led to higher proportion of large macroaggregates (>2 mm), whereas microaggregates were higher under CT. The bulk density of soil at 0-5 cm depth was reduced by 9.9% under CA5 than CT. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was increased by 22.4% at 5-15 cm soil in CT system. Soil infiltration rate (58.4 cm h −1), sorptivity (239.5 cm h –1/2), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (5.3 cm h −1) were significantly higher in CA5 than in CT. Similarly, macroaggregate-associated active carbon pool was 106% higher in 0–5 cm soil under CA5 than in CT. The RWS productivity and net returns were 37.9 and 50.9% higher under CA5 than in CT, respectively. Thus, this study demonstrated that the CA-based rice–wheat–mungbean system (CA5) would be an alternative to conventional PTR-CTW system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and in similar agro-climatic situations of South Asia.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 had more soil aggregates than conventional tillage, double zero tillage and CA4.
Verbatim
e0“a triple zero-tillage (TZT) system with crops residue [i.e., ZT direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR)+mungbean residue (MR) - ZT wheat (ZTW)+rice residue (RR)- ZT mungbean (ZTMB)+wheat residue (WR) (CA5)] resulted in higher soil aggregates than conventional tillage [CT, i.e. puddled transplanted rice (PTR)-conventional tillage wheat(CTW)], double zero-tillage (DZT) [i.e., ZTDSR-ZTW (CA1), ZTDSR+WR-ZTW+RR (CA2), ZTDSR+WR+brown manuring (BM)-ZTW+RR (CA3)] and TZT without residue [(i.e. ZTDSR-ZTW-ZTMB) (CA4)]”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 had a higher proportion of large macroaggregates.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The CA5 also led to higher proportion of large macroaggregates (>2 mm)”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Microaggregates were higher under conventional tillage.
Verbatim
e0“microaggregates were higher under CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 reduced soil bulk density at 0–5 cm by 9.9% compared with CT.
Verbatim
e0“The bulk density of soil at 0-5 cm depth was reduced by 9.9% under CA5 than CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil penetration resistance at 5–15 cm increased by 22.4% in CT.
Verbatim
e0“Soil penetration resistance (PR) was increased by 22.4% at 5-15 cm soil in CT system”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 increased soil infiltration rate relative to CT, reaching 58.4 cm h −1.
Verbatim
e0“Soil infiltration rate (58.4 cm h −1), sorptivity (239.5 cm h –1/2), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (5.3 cm h −1) were significantly higher in CA5 than in CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 increased soil sorptivity relative to CT, reaching 239.5 cm h –1/2.
Verbatim
e0“Soil infiltration rate (58.4 cm h −1), sorptivity (239.5 cm h –1/2), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (5.3 cm h −1) were significantly higher in CA5 than in CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
CA5 increased saturated hydraulic conductivity relative to CT, reaching 5.3 cm h −1.
Verbatim
e0“Soil infiltration rate (58.4 cm h −1), sorptivity (239.5 cm h –1/2), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (5.3 cm h −1) were significantly higher in CA5 than in CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Macroaggregate-associated active carbon pool at 0–5 cm was 106% higher under CA5 than CT.
Verbatim
e0“macroaggregate-associated active carbon pool was 106% higher in 0–5 cm soil under CA5 than in CT”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice–wheat system productivity was 37.9% higher under CA5 than CT.
Verbatim
e0“The RWS productivity and net returns were 37.9 and 50.9% higher under CA5 than in CT, respectively”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Net returns were 50.9% higher under CA5 than CT.
Verbatim
e0“The RWS productivity and net returns were 37.9 and 50.9% higher under CA5 than in CT, respectively”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose CA5 as an alternative to conventional PTR-CTW in the Indo-Gangetic Plains and similar South Asian settings.
- Taxon
- rice–wheat–mungbean
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivum.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- CA5e0
- Outcome
- would be an alternativee0
- Comparator
- conventional PTR-CTW systeme0
- Setting
- Indo-Gangetic Plains of Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the CA-based rice–wheat–mungbean system (CA5) would be an alternative to conventional PTR-CTW system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and in similar agro-climatic situations of South Asia”