Abstract
In wheat production, appropriate flowering time and ideal plant architecture are the prerequisites for high grain yield. Alternative splicing (AS) is a vital process that regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, and AS events in wheat have been found to be closely related to grain-related traits and abiotic stress tolerance. However, AS events and their biological roles in regulating flowering time and plant architecture in wheat remain unclear. In this study, we report that TaNAK1 undergoes AS, producing three splicing variants. Molecular characterization of TaNAK1 and its splicing variants demonstrated that all three protein isoforms have a conserved NB-ARC domain and a protein kinase domain, but the positions of these two domains and the length of the protein kinase domains are different among them, implying that they may have different three-dimensional structures and therefore have different functions. Further investigations showed that the two splicing variants of TaNAK1, TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 , exhibited different expression patterns during wheat growth and development, while the other one, TaNAK1.3 , was not detected. Subcellular localization demonstrated that TaNAK1.1 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm, while TaNAK1.2 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Both TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 exhibit protein kinase activity in vitro . Ectopic expression of TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 in Arabidopsis demonstrated that these two splicing variants play opposite roles in regulating flowering time and plant architecture, resulting in different seed yields. TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis , while TaNAK1.1 negatively regulates these traits. Our findings provide new gene resource for regulating flowering time and plant architecture in crop breeding for high grain yield.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1 produced three splice variants.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Gene
- TaNAK1e0
- Outcome
- three splicing variantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1 undergoes AS, producing three splicing variants”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
All three TaNAK1 isoforms had conserved NB-ARC and protein kinase domains, differing in domain positions and kinase domain lengths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaNAK1t0
- Outcome
- positions of these two domains and the length of the protein kinase domainse0
- Direction
- differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three protein isoforms have a conserved NB-ARC domain and a protein kinase domain, but the positions of these two domains and the length of the protein kinase domains are different among them”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 had different expression patterns during wheat development.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- expression patternse0
- Direction
- differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 , exhibited different expression patterns during wheat growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.3 was not detected.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.3e0
- Outcome
- not detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.3 , was not detected”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.1 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Outcome
- localized in the cytoplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.1 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.2 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- localized in the nucleus and cytoplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
Both TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 showed protein kinase activity in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- protein kinase activitye0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both TaNAK1.1 and TaNAK1.2 exhibit protein kinase activity in vitro”
t0“wheat gene TaNAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.2 promoted the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Treatment
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- transition from vegetative to reproductive growthe0
- Direction
- positive regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth”
e1“seed yield of Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.2 positively regulated Arabidopsis plant height, branching number and seed size.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- plant height, branching number, seed sizee0
- Direction
- positive regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.2 positively regulated Arabidopsis seed yield.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.2e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positive regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.1 negatively regulated Arabidopsis transition to reproductive growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Outcome
- transition from vegetative to reproductive growthe0
- Direction
- negatively regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis , while TaNAK1.1 negatively regulates these traits”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.1 negatively regulated Arabidopsis plant height, branching number and seed size.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Outcome
- plant height, branching number, seed sizee0
- Direction
- negatively regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis , while TaNAK1.1 negatively regulates these traits”
Claim · model-written summary
TaNAK1.1 negatively regulated Arabidopsis seed yield.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Gene
- TaNAK1.1e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- negatively regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaNAK1.2 positive regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, plant height, branching number, seed size, and seed yield of Arabidopsis , while TaNAK1.1 negatively regulates these traits”