Abstract
The worldwide saline-affected area is expanding day by day, and soil salinity restricts crop development and productivity, including rice. Considering this, the current study explored the response of gallic acid (GA) in conferring salinity tolerance in rice seedlings. Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA. Salt stress resulted in osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stress in rice seedlings. Osmotic stress increased proline accumulation and osmotic potential, which decreased the relative water content, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight. Ionic stress interrupted ion homeostasis by Na+ accumulation and K+ leakage. Osmotic and ionic stress, concomitantly, disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems by higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG), respectively. It resulted in oxidative damage indicated by the high amount of malondialdehyde (MDA). The supplementation of GA in salt-treated rice seedlings partially recovered salt-induced damages by improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis by increasing water balance and decreasing Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio. Supplemental GA enhanced the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated rice seedlings by increasing ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compounds and the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes that accelerated ROS detoxification and decreased oxidative damage. Gallic acid also enhanced the detoxification of MG by triggering glyoxalase enzyme activities in salt-treated rice seedlings. The present findings elucidated that supplemental GA reversed salt-induced damage in rice seedlings through improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis and upregulating the ROS and MG detoxification system.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress resulted in osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- BRRI dhan52e1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e2“Salt stress resulted in osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stress in rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress from NaCl increased proline accumulation and osmotic potential in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- proline accumulation and osmotic potentiale3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e3“Osmotic stress increased proline accumulation and osmotic potential, which decreased the relative water content, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress from NaCl decreased relative water content, chlorophyll contents and dry weight of rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- relative water content, chlorophyll contents, and dry weighte3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e3“Osmotic stress increased proline accumulation and osmotic potential, which decreased the relative water content, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Ionic stress from NaCl interrupted ion homeostasis in rice seedlings through Na+ accumulation and K+ leakage.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- ion homeostasise4
- Qualifier
- Na+ accumulation and K+ leakagee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e4“Ionic stress interrupted ion homeostasis by Na+ accumulation and K+ leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic and ionic stress disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in rice seedlings through higher ROS and methylglyoxal production.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systemse5
- Qualifier
- higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG)e5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e5“Osmotic and ionic stress, concomitantly, disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems by higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress caused high malondialdehyde (MDA) amounts in rice seedlings, indicating oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Compound
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e6
- Outcome
- amount of malondialdehyde (MDA)e6
- Direction
- highe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e6“It resulted in oxidative damage indicated by the high amount of malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid increased water balance of salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 1 mM GAe1
- Outcome
- water balancee7
- Direction
- increasinge7
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e7“The supplementation of GA in salt-treated rice seedlings partially recovered salt-induced damages by improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis by increasing water balance and decreasing Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid decreased Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- 1 mM GAe1
- Outcome
- Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratioe7
- Direction
- decreasinge7
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e7“The supplementation of GA in salt-treated rice seedlings partially recovered salt-induced damages by improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis by increasing water balance and decreasing Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental gallic acid increased ascorbate, glutathione and phenolic compounds in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- Supplemental GAe2
- Outcome
- ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compoundse2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e2“Supplemental GA enhanced the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated rice seedlings by increasing ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compounds and the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes that accelerated ROS detoxification and decreased oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental gallic acid increased the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- Supplemental GAe2
- Gene
- monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR)e2
- Outcome
- activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymese2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e2“Supplemental GA enhanced the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated rice seedlings by increasing ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compounds and the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes that accelerated ROS detoxification and decreased oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental gallic acid accelerated ROS detoxification in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- Supplemental GAe2
- Outcome
- ROS detoxificatione2
- Direction
- acceleratede2
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e2“Supplemental GA enhanced the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated rice seedlings by increasing ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compounds and the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes that accelerated ROS detoxification and decreased oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental gallic acid decreased oxidative damage in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- Supplemental GAe2
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e2“Supplemental GA enhanced the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated rice seedlings by increasing ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and phenolic compounds and the activities of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes that accelerated ROS detoxification and decreased oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid enhanced the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) by triggering glyoxalase enzyme activities in salt-treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- Gallic acide3
- Gene
- glyoxalase enzymee3
- Compound
- MGe3
- Outcome
- detoxification of MGe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- salt-treated rice seedlingse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e3“Gallic acid also enhanced the detoxification of MG by triggering glyoxalase enzyme activities in salt-treated rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental gallic acid reversed salt-induced damage in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- supplemental GAe4
- Outcome
- salt-induced damagee4
- Direction
- reversede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BRRI dhan52) seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM GA”
e4“The present findings elucidated that supplemental GA reversed salt-induced damage in rice seedlings through improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis and upregulating the ROS and MG detoxification system”
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