Abstract
Late blight of tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is responsible for massive losses in yield of open field-grown tomato and is managed by use of synthetic fungicides. The rising demand for food safety calls for alternative yet effective crop protection products. Using a bioassay-guided approach the antifungal properties of ethanolic extracts of seven spices was evaluated and the constituents of the most inhibitory fraction determined using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%). The hexane fraction of clove extract equally inhibited growth of P. infestans 100%. The spice extracts reduced severity of late blight by between 29% and 40% with black pepper being the most efficacious under field conditions. These findings show the fungicidal potential of selected spices for the management of late blight of tomato.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Clove extract inhibited growth of Phytophthora infestans by 100% in vitro and was the most active.
- Treatment
- Clove extracte0
- Interactor
- P. infestans
Phytophthora infestanse0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of P. infestanse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%)”
t1“Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Black pepper extract inhibited growth of Phytophthora infestans by 91% in vitro.
- Treatment
- black peppere0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of P. infestanse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 91%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%)”
t1“Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Turmeric extract inhibited growth of Phytophthora infestans by 87% in vitro.
- Treatment
- turmerice0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of P. infestanse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 87%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%)”
t1“Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger extract inhibited growth of Phytophthora infestans by 85% in vitro.
- Treatment
- gingere0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of P. infestanse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 85%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%)”
t1“Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The hexane fraction of clove extract inhibited growth of Phytophthora infestans by 100% in vitro, equal to the whole extract.
- Treatment
- hexane fraction of clove extracte0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of P. infestanse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hexane fraction of clove extract equally inhibited growth of P. infestans 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spice extracts reduced late blight severity in tomato by 29% to 40% under field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- spice extractse0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst1pathogen
- Outcome
- severity of late blighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- between 29% and 40%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The spice extracts reduced severity of late blight by between 29% and 40% with black pepper being the most efficacious under field conditions”
t1“Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Black pepper was the most efficacious spice extract against late blight in tomato under field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- black peppere0
- Outcome
- severity of late blighte0
- Direction
- most efficaciouse0
- Comparator
- spice extractse0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The spice extracts reduced severity of late blight by between 29% and 40% with black pepper being the most efficacious under field conditions”
The same questions in other papers
Syzygium aromaticum · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Curcuma longa · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.