Abstract
Abstract Over 110 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year is used for crop production. Scientists have dreamed of enabling rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous crops to mitigate the increasing demand for nitrogen fertilizer. However, despite decades of research, rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-host plants has not been demonstrated. Here, we reported that an N-fixing rhizobium and a clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae exhibited a synergistic effect on fixing nitrogen in cruciferous plants. Rhizobia were found to invade P. brassicae -infected rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) roots in the field. The colonization of rhizobium on rapeseed roots was confirmed by co-inoculating Mesorhizobium huakuii with P. brassicae under controlled laboratory conditions. M. huakuii infection could alleviate clubroot symptoms and promote the growth of diseased rapeseeds. M. huakuii could fix nitrogen in P. brassicae -infected plants based on the results of 15 N isotope dilution tests. The expression of homologs of legume genes required for symbiosis and early-nodulin genes was significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis during early infection by P. brassicae . More importantly, M. huakuii could even fix nitrogen in P. brassicae -resistant rapeseed cultivar and promote plant growth when co-inoculated with P. brassicae . Our findings provide a new avenue to understand the interaction of rhizobia with non-host plants, stimulate the exploration of fixing nitrogen in non-leguminous plants by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and develop a strategy for both disease control and nitrogen fixation on non-host crops.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobia invaded P. brassicae infected rapeseed roots in the field.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- Rhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Plasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen - Outcome
- Rhizobia were found to invadee0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobia were found to invade P. brassicae -infected rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) roots in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation confirmed M. huakuii colonization of rapeseed roots under laboratory conditions.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- Mesorhizobium huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonization of rhizobium on rapeseed roots was confirmede0
- Setting
- controlled laboratory conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonization of rhizobium on rapeseed roots was confirmed by co-inoculating Mesorhizobium huakuii with P. brassicae under controlled laboratory conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huakuii infection alleviated clubroot symptoms in diseased rapeseed.
- Taxon
- rapeseeds
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Treatment
- M. huakuii infectione0
- Interactor
- M. huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Outcome
- clubroot symptomse0
- Direction
- alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“M. huakuii infection could alleviate clubroot symptoms and promote the growth of diseased rapeseeds”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huakuii infection promoted growth of diseased rapeseed.
- Taxon
- rapeseedsBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- M. huakuii infectione0
- Interactor
- M. huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of diseased rapeseedse0
- Direction
- promotee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. huakuii infection could alleviate clubroot symptoms and promote the growth of diseased rapeseeds”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huakuii fixed nitrogen in P. brassicae infected plants according to isotope dilution.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Interactor
- M. huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. huakuii could fix nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. huakuii could fix nitrogen in P. brassicae -infected plants based on the results of 15 N isotope dilution tests”
t0“rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) roots in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume symbiosis gene homologs and early nodulin genes were significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis during early P. brassicae infection.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Gene
- early-nodulin genese0
- Outcome
- expression of homologs of legume genes required for symbiosis and early-nodulin genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of homologs of legume genes required for symbiosis and early-nodulin genes was significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis during early infection by P. brassicae”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huakuii fixed nitrogen in a P. brassicae resistant rapeseed cultivar when coinoculated.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Material
- P. brassicae -resistant rapeseed cultivare0
- Interactor
- M. huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. huakuii could even fix nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. huakuii could even fix nitrogen in P. brassicae -resistant rapeseed cultivar and promote plant growth when co-inoculated with P. brassicae”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huakuii and P. brassicae coinoculation promoted growth of a resistant rapeseed cultivar.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Material
- P. brassicae -resistant rapeseed cultivare0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with P. brassicaee0
- Interactor
- M. huakuiiMesorhizobium huakuiie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. huakuii could even fix nitrogen in P. brassicae -resistant rapeseed cultivar and promote plant growth when co-inoculated with P. brassicae”
The same questions in other papers
infection · disease · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
infection · growth · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.