Abstract
P-dipping is a practical approach for smallholder farmers to increase lowland rice yields with minimal fertilizer inputs by coating seedling roots with P-enriched slurry at transplanting. The effect of such localized application increases by concentrating more nutrients near the roots; however, this also increases the risk of salt stress known as fertilizer burning. The study aimed to identify the effect and burning risk of P-dipping on the initial rice growth under a range of temperatures. Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2), transplanted with the slurry attached to the seedling roots, and grown for 21–28 days at the day/night temperatures of 28°/20°C, 33°/25°C, and 36°/27°C. A significant interaction effect was detected between the P2O5 concentrations and growing temperatures on shoot biomass. With the P-dipping treatments, shoot biomass was increased 4.8–5.2 times at 28°/20°C. The effect of P-dipping became less significant with increasing temperatures because of the greater rates of withered leaves soon after transplanting. Burning damage was the greatest when the P2 treatment was combined with longer dipping duration at the 36°/27°C, nullifying the effect of P-dipping on shoot biomass. The results clearly showed that localized P application is more effective under lower temperatures, with lower risk of fertilizer burning. Elevated temperatures may disturb the effort to increase rice yields with minimal fertilizer inputs via localized application.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The P2O5 concentration and growing temperature interacted significantly in their effect on rice shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- P2O5 concentrationse2
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e2“A significant interaction effect was detected between the P2O5 concentrations and growing temperatures on shoot biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
P-dipping increased rice shoot biomass 4.8–5.2 times at 28°/20°C.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- P-dippinge3
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 4.8–5.2 timese3
- Qualifier
- at 28°/20°Ce3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e3“With the P-dipping treatments, shoot biomass was increased 4.8–5.2 times at 28°/20°C”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of P-dipping became less significant as temperature increased, because of greater rates of withered leaves soon after transplanting.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- P-dippinge4
- Outcome
- effect of P-dippinge4
- Direction
- less significante4
- Qualifier
- because of the greater rates of withered leaves soon after transplantinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e4“The effect of P-dipping became less significant with increasing temperatures because of the greater rates of withered leaves soon after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Burning damage was greatest with the P2 treatment combined with longer dipping duration at 36°/27°C.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- longer dipping duratione5
- Outcome
- Burning damagee5
- Direction
- greateste5
- Qualifier
- at the 36°/27°Ce5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e5“Burning damage was the greatest when the P2 treatment was combined with longer dipping duration at the 36°/27°C, nullifying the effect of P-dipping on shoot biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
At 36°/27°C with the P2 treatment and longer dipping, P-dipping nullified its effect on rice shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- P-dippinge5
- Outcome
- effect of P-dipping on shoot biomasse5
- Direction
- nullifyinge5
- Qualifier
- at the 36°/27°Ce5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e5“Burning damage was the greatest when the P2 treatment was combined with longer dipping duration at the 36°/27°C, nullifying the effect of P-dipping on shoot biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Localized P application was more effective under lower temperatures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- localized P applicatione6
- Outcome
- more effectivee6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Qualifier
- under lower temperaturese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e6“The results clearly showed that localized P application is more effective under lower temperatures, with lower risk of fertilizer burning”
Claim · model-written summary
Localized P application carried a lower risk of fertilizer burning under lower temperatures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- localized P applicatione6
- Outcome
- risk of fertilizer burninge6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- under lower temperaturese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice seedlings were dipped instantly or for 2 h in slurry with different P2O5 concentrations at 0% (P0), 2.3% (P1), and 4.4% (P2)”
e6“The results clearly showed that localized P application is more effective under lower temperatures, with lower risk of fertilizer burning”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperatures may disturb efforts to increase rice yields with minimal fertilizer inputs via localized application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- Elevated temperaturese7
- Outcome
- increase rice yieldse7
- Direction
- disturbe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Elevated temperatures may disturb the effort to increase rice yields with minimal fertilizer inputs via localized application”
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