Abstract
The efficacy of a plant-based edible vaccine produced in maize by expression of F and HN immunogenic proteins under a seed-specific promoter against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII was assessed using cytokine-mediated cellular immune responses in chickens. Using real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of transgenic maize plants was compared to non-transgenic control plants on a relative basis. F and HN genes mRNA expression was found to be 20 and 60 times higher in corn seeds than in leaves, respectively. In maize seeds, 35 µg ml−1 of F protein, or 0.6 percent of total protein, and 41 µg ml−1 of HN protein, or 0.85 percent of total protein, were found using ELISA. The boost in cell-mediated immune response was evaluated in chickens fed with transgenic corn seeds in comparison with control groups. The qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, and CCL3 when evaluated at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day in chickens receiving transgenic diet as compared to group 1 receiving non-transgenic diet. The increase in cytokines production was comparable with group 3 immunized with conventional market vaccine. Furthermore, anti-NDV antibodies were also found in the serum of chickens given maize containing immunogenic proteins, but not in the serum of chickens given a regular normal diet, illustrating the antibodies’ specificity produced after feeding. The results demonstrate that transgenic maize consumed orally strongly stimulates the expression of cytokine genes related to cell-mediated immunity, just like commercial vaccines. These results further suggest that these cytokines may be important in initiating cellular immune responses in response to NDV infection.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
F gene mRNA expression was 20 times higher in corn seeds than in leaves.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Organ / stage
- corn seedse2
- Gene
- Fe2
- Outcome
- mRNA expressione2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 20e2
- Comparator
- leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e2“F and HN genes mRNA expression was found to be 20 and 60 times higher in corn seeds than in leaves, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HN gene mRNA expression was 60 times higher in corn seeds than in leaves.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- corn seedse2
- Gene
- HNe2
- Outcome
- mRNA expressione2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 60e2
- Comparator
- leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e2“F and HN genes mRNA expression was found to be 20 and 60 times higher in corn seeds than in leaves, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seeds contained 35 µg ml−1 of F protein, 0.6 percent of total protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- maize seedse3
- Outcome
- F proteine3
- Value
- 35 µg ml−1e3
- Qualifier
- 0.6 percent of total proteine3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e3“In maize seeds, 35 µg ml−1 of F protein, or 0.6 percent of total protein, and 41 µg ml−1 of HN protein, or 0.85 percent of total protein, were found using ELISA”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seeds contained 41 µg ml−1 of HN protein, 0.85 percent of total protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- maize seedse3
- Outcome
- HN proteine3
- Value
- 41 µg ml−1e3
- Qualifier
- 0.85 percent of total proteine3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e3“In maize seeds, 35 µg ml−1 of F protein, or 0.6 percent of total protein, and 41 µg ml−1 of HN protein, or 0.85 percent of total protein, were found using ELISA”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-NDV antibodies were found in the serum of chickens fed maize containing immunogenic proteins but not in those fed a regular normal diet.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- maize containing immunogenic proteinse5
- Outcome
- anti-NDV antibodiese5
- Comparator
- regular normal diete5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e5“anti-NDV antibodies were also found in the serum of chickens given maize containing immunogenic proteins, but not in the serum of chickens given a regular normal diet”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in cytokine production in chickens fed transgenic maize was comparable with chickens immunized with a conventional market vaccine.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- cytokines productione6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Comparator
- group 3 immunized with conventional market vaccinee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e6“The increase in cytokines production was comparable with group 3 immunized with conventional market vaccine”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickens fed transgenic maize seeds showed increased expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), compared with the non-transgenic diet.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- transgenic diete1
- Outcome
- IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th daye1
- Comparator
- non-transgenic diete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e1“The qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, and CCL3 when evaluated at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day in chickens receiving transgenic diet as compared to group 1 receiving non-transgenic diet”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickens fed transgenic maize seeds showed increased expression of IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), compared with the non-transgenic diet.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- transgenic diete1
- Outcome
- IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th daye1
- Comparator
- non-transgenic diete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e1“The qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, and CCL3 when evaluated at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day in chickens receiving transgenic diet as compared to group 1 receiving non-transgenic diet”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickens fed transgenic maize seeds showed increased expression of Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, compared with the non-transgenic diet.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- transgenic diete1
- Outcome
- Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th daye1
- Comparator
- non-transgenic diete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e1“The qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, and CCL3 when evaluated at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day in chickens receiving transgenic diet as compared to group 1 receiving non-transgenic diet”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickens fed transgenic maize seeds showed increased expression of CCL3, compared with the non-transgenic diet.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- transgenic diete1
- Outcome
- CCL3e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th daye1
- Comparator
- non-transgenic diete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Production of proinflammatory cytokines by expressing Newcastle disease vaccine candidates in corn”
e1“The qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-15 (interleukin-15), Interferon-α, Interferon-β, Interferon-γ, and CCL3 when evaluated at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day in chickens receiving transgenic diet as compared to group 1 receiving non-transgenic diet”