Abstract
Abstract Flower diseases threaten macadamia production, but there is a limited understanding of their aetiology. This study was undertaken to establish the ecology of the causal agents in commercial orchards in Australia. Raceme samples at different developmental stages were collected from 42 commercial macadamia orchards during the 2018–2020 flowering seasons. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the isolates obtained from the samples with symptoms revealed that 16 fungal species, including two Botrytis spp., six Cladosporium spp., six Neopestalotiopsis spp. and two Pestalotiopsis spp., were associated with the flower blights. Twelve of the fungal species were identified as new records in macadamia. A comparison of the fungal genera showed that Neopestalotiopsis spp. (48%) and Cladosporium spp. (47%) were the most prevalent in the majority of macadamia production regions and were obtained from all four raceme developmental stages. The genus Botrytis was more commonly distributed (16%) in the production areas where humidity was high and was mostly isolated from the mature developmental raceme stages. Based on in planta infection assays under field conditions, the fungal pathogens varied in aggressiveness on macadamia racemes, with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive and C . angulosum and C . proteacearum as the least aggressive. This study improves our understanding of the aetiology and distribution of the causal agents of flower blight complex in macadamia.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Sixteen fungal species were associated with flower blights.
- Interactor
- fungal speciese0pathogen
- Outcome
- associated with the flower blightse0
- Value
- 16 fungal speciese0
.JPG?width=60){kind=small}
MacadamiaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“16 fungal species, including two Botrytis spp., six Cladosporium spp., six Neopestalotiopsis spp. and two Pestalotiopsis spp., were associated with the flower blights.”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve fungal species were new records in macadamia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve of the fungal species were identified as new records in macadamia.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neopestalotiopsis was prevalent in 48% of production regions.
- Interactor
- Neopestalotiopsis spp.Neopestalotiopsise0pathogen
- Outcome
- most prevalente0
- Value
- 48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neopestalotiopsis spp. (48%) and Cladosporium spp. (47%) were the most prevalent”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium was prevalent in 47% of production regions.
- Interactor
- Cladosporium spp.
Cladosporiume0pathogen - Outcome
- Cladosporium spp. (47%) were the most prevalente0
- Value
- 47%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neopestalotiopsis spp. (48%) and Cladosporium spp. (47%) were the most prevalent”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
Botrytis was more common in high-humidity areas and mature racemes.
- Organ / stage
- mature developmental raceme stagese0
- Outcome
- Botrytis was more commonly distributede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Setting
- production areas where humidity was highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Botrytis was more commonly distributed (16%) in the production areas where humidity was high and was mostly isolated from the mature developmental raceme stages.”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
B . cinerea was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- B . cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
B . macadamiae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- B . macadamiaeBotrytis macadamiaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
C . cladosporioides was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- C . cladosporioides
Cladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
C . devikae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- C . devikaeCladosporium devikaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
N . drenthii was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- N . drenthiiNeopestalotiopsis drenthiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
N . macadamiae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- N . macadamiaeNeopestalotiopsis macadamiaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
N . maddoxii was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- N . maddoxiiNeopestalotiopsis maddoxiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
N . vheenae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- N . vheenaeNeopestalotiopsis vheenaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
P . macadamiae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- P . macadamiaePestalotiopsis macadamiaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
P . telopeae was among the most aggressive macadamia raceme pathogens.
- Interactor
- P . telopeaePestalotiopsis telopeaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with B . cinerea , B . macadamiae , C . cladosporioides , C . devikae , N . drenthii , N . macadamiae , N . maddoxii , N . vheenae , P . macadamiae and P . telopeae as the most aggressive”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
C. angulosum was among the least aggressive.
- Interactor
- C . angulosumCladosporium angulosume0pathogen
- Outcome
- least aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C . angulosum and C . proteacearum as the least aggressive.”
t0“macadamia”
Claim · model-written summary
C. proteacearum was among the least aggressive.
- Interactor
- C . proteacearumCladosporium proteacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- least aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C . angulosum and C . proteacearum as the least aggressive.”
t0“macadamia”