Abstract
Intensive cropping systems with two or three harvests per year are vital to produce sufficient food for the growing population. Improvements in the sustainability of these systems are critical for global food security. Transplanted double-season rice (TPD), an important cropping system in China, is seriously threatened by various challenges such as labor shortage, poor resource use efficiency, high environmental footprint, and low profitability. These challenges could be potentially alleviated by shifting TPD to direct-seeded double-season rice (DSD). Due to the limited thermal energy, ultrashort-duration cultivars matured within 95 days have to be used in DSD in central China. However, it is unknown whether DSD with ultrashort-duration cultivars (DSD S ) can improve resource use efficiency and reduce environmental costs compared with TPD in this region. This study aimed to compare the resource use efficiency (energy, water, labor, and fertilizer), carbon and nitrogen footprints, and net ecosystem economic benefit of DSD S and TPD with ultrashort-duration (TPD S ) and medium-duration cultivars (TPD M ). Results showed that total energy output was 222.0 GJ ha −1 in DSD S , which was comparable to that of TPD M but was significantly increased by 9.5% compared with TPD S . Compared with TPD (i.e. both TPD S and TPD M ), the total energy input, labor input, water input, and nitrogen surplus in DSD S reduced by 16.9%, 53.2%, 36.8%, and 31.4%, respectively, leading to significant increases in energy use efficiency, labor productivity, water use efficiency , and nitrogen use efficiency. Furthermore, DSD S decreased direct CH 4 and NH 3 emissions and indirect carbon emission and reactive nitrogen losses from agronomic inputs, and consequently reduced carbon footprint by 28.6–42.7% and nitrogen footprint by 12.9–14.8% compared with TPD. As a result, the net ecosystem economic benefit in DSD S was significantly increased by 65.9–188.2% relative to TPD. These findings suggest that DSD S is a highly promising strategy to maintain high productivity with less resource inputs and environmental pressures but high economic benefits in central China.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded rice produced 222.0 GJ ha −1 total energy output.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“total energy output was 222.0 GJ ha −1 in DSD S”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded output was comparable to medium-duration transplanted rice.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“which was comparable to that of TPD M”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded output increased 9.5% versus short-duration transplanted rice.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased by 9.5% compared with TPD S”
e1“total energy output was 222.0 GJ ha −1 in DSD S”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced total energy input 16.9% versus transplanting.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total energy input, labor input, water input, and nitrogen surplus in DSD S reduced by 16.9%, 53.2%, 36.8%, and 31.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced labor input 53.2%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total energy input, labor input, water input, and nitrogen surplus in DSD S reduced by 16.9%, 53.2%, 36.8%, and 31.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced water input 36.8%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total energy input, labor input, water input, and nitrogen surplus in DSD S reduced by 16.9%, 53.2%, 36.8%, and 31.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced nitrogen surplus 31.4%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total energy input, labor input, water input, and nitrogen surplus in DSD S reduced by 16.9%, 53.2%, 36.8%, and 31.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding significantly increased energy, labor, water and nitrogen efficiency.
- Outcome
- energy use efficiency, labor productivity, water use efficiency , and nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in energy use efficiency, labor productivity, water use efficiency , and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding decreased direct methane and ammonia emissions.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“DSD S decreased direct CH 4 and NH 3 emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding decreased indirect carbon emissions and reactive nitrogen losses.
- Outcome
- indirect carbon emission and reactive nitrogen lossese0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“indirect carbon emission and reactive nitrogen losses from agronomic inputs”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced carbon footprint by 28.6–42.7%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“reduced carbon footprint by 28.6–42.7% and nitrogen footprint by 12.9–14.8% compared with TPD”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding reduced nitrogen footprint by 12.9–14.8%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“reduced carbon footprint by 28.6–42.7% and nitrogen footprint by 12.9–14.8% compared with TPD”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding increased net ecosystem economic benefit by 65.9–188.2%.
- Treatment
- DSD Se0
- Outcome
- net ecosystem economic benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.9–188.2%e0
- Comparator
- TPDe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“net ecosystem economic benefit in DSD S was significantly increased by 65.9–188.2% relative to TPD”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend direct-seeded rice as promising for high productivity with fewer inputs and impacts.
- Outcome
- high productivity with less resource inputs and environmental pressures but high economic benefitse0
- Setting
- central Chinae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“DSD S is a highly promising strategy to maintain high productivity with less resource inputs and environmental pressures but high economic benefits in central China”