Abstract
Raw materials of six medicinal plant species viz. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC), Acorus calamus (L.), Rauvolfia serpentina (L.), Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth.), Withania somnifera (L.) and Boerhaavia diffusa (L.) procured from herbal drug market were subjected to their mould profile. During mycoflora analysis, 906 fungal isolates were recorded from the raw materials. The least number of fungal isolates (96) were detected from T. arjuna while highest (217) from B. diffusa. The genus Aspergillus was found to be most dominant encountered in all the samples, followed by Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium italicum and Trichoderma viride. The highest percent relative density was recorded in case of Aspergillus flavus (37.19) followed by A. niger (23.84) and C. herbarum (11.81) while the lowest was found in case of A. nidulans (0.55). Some of the A. flavus isolates were toxigenic secreting aflatoxin B1. Highest content of aflatoxin B1 (272.46 µg/kg) was recorded by A. flavus isolated from B. diffusa while least aflatoxin B1 production (194.62 µg/kg) from H. antidysenterica. The survey reveals that the contamination of herbal drugs with storage fungi and mycotoxin is alarming and appropriate quality control measures should be taken urgently.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 906 fungal isolates were found on medicinal plant raw materials.
Verbatim
e0“906 fungal isolates were recorded from the raw materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminalia arjuna had the fewest fungal isolates, 96.
- Taxon
- T. arjuna
Terminalia arjunae0 - Outcome
- fungal isolatese0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 96e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The least number of fungal isolates (96) were detected from T. arjuna”
Claim · model-written summary
Boerhaavia diffusa had the most fungal isolates, 217.
Verbatim
e0“highest (217) from B. diffusa”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus was the dominant fungal genus in every sample.
- Taxon
- samplese0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse0other - Outcome
- Aspergilluse0
- Qualifier
- most dominante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genus Aspergillus was found to be most dominant encountered in all the samples, followed by Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium italicum and Trichoderma viride”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus had the highest relative density, 37.19.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0 - Outcome
- percent relative densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 37.19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest percent relative density was recorded in case of Aspergillus flavus (37.19)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger had a relative density of 23.84.
- Taxon
- A. niger
Aspergillus nigere0 - Outcome
- A. nigere0
- Value
- 23.84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. niger (23.84)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium herbarum had a relative density of 11.81.
- Taxon
- C. herbarumCladosporium herbarume0
- Outcome
- C. herbarume0
- Value
- 11.81e0
Verbatim
e0“C. herbarum (11.81)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus nidulans had the lowest relative density, 0.55.
- Taxon
- A. nidulans
Aspergillus nidulanse0 - Outcome
- A. nidulanse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.55e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest was found in case of A. nidulans (0.55)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some Aspergillus flavus isolates produced aflatoxin B1.
- Taxon
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0
- Outcome
- aflatoxin B1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some of the A. flavus isolates were toxigenic secreting aflatoxin B1”
Claim · model-written summary
A. flavus from B. diffusa produced the highest aflatoxin B1 content, 272.46 µg/kg.
- Taxon
- B. diffusae0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0other
- Outcome
- content of aflatoxin B1e0
- Direction
- Higheste0
- Value
- 272.46 µg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest content of aflatoxin B1 (272.46 µg/kg) was recorded by A. flavus isolated from B. diffusa”
Claim · model-written summary
A. flavus from H. antidysenterica produced the least aflatoxin B1, 194.62 µg/kg.
- Taxon
- H. antidysenterica
Holarrhena pubescense0 - Outcome
- aflatoxin B1 productione0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 194.62 µg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“least aflatoxin B1 production (194.62 µg/kg) from H. antidysenterica”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend urgent quality control for fungal and mycotoxin contamination of herbal drugs.
Verbatim
e0“The survey reveals that the contamination of herbal drugs with storage fungi and mycotoxin is alarming and appropriate quality control measures should be taken urgently”