Paper · 2023 · International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Effect of Boron and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Zaid Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Sandeep Singh; C. Umesha

15
claims
31
verbatim quotes
1
citations
1
research areas
✓
Open access

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Boron (0.75,1,1.25 kg/ha) and Plant Growth Regulators (GA3 30 ppm, NAA 35 ppm, ABA 40 ppm ) as a foliar spray. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design with 9 treatments and replicated “thrice”.0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%). However, relative growth rate was not influenced by the application of boron and plant growth regulators and it recorded maximum in treatment 1 (Boron 0.75 kg/ha +GA3 30 ppm) (0.1005 g/g/day). 0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded highest gross return (161,040.00 ₹/ha), net return (113,394.00 ₹/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (2.38).

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 15

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded the maximum plant height of 69.48 cm.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
plant heighte1
Direction
maximume1
Value
69.48cme1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded the highest plant dry weight of 22.22 g.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
plant dry weighte1
Direction
higheste1
Value
22.22gme1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded a crop growth rate of 3.0 g/m2/day, higher than other treatments.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
crop growth ratee1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
3.0g/m2/daye1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded 24.37 nodules per plant, the highest number.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
number of nodules/plante1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
24.37e1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded a test weight of 85.6 g, the highest.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
test weighte1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
85.6ge1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded 15.45 pods per plant, the highest number.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
number of pods/plante1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
15.45e1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded 13.57 seeds per pod, the highest number.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
number of seeds/pode1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
13.57e1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded a seed yield of 2.68 t/ha, the highest.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
seed yielde1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
2.68t/hae1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded a stover yield of 6.09 t/ha, the highest.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
stover yielde1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
6.09t/hae1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron plus gibberellic acid recorded a harvest index of 30.56%, the highest.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye1
Outcome
harvest indexe1
Direction
higherinferrede1
Value
30.56%e1
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e1

“0.75 kg/ha as soil application combination with 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded maximum plant height (69.48cm), highest plant dry weight (22.22gm), crop growth rate (3.0g/m2/day), number of nodules/plant (24.37), test weight (85.6g), number of pods/plant (15.45), number of seeds/pod (13.57), seed yield (2.68t/ha), stover yield(6.09t/ha), harvest index (30.56%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 427–806 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron and plant growth regulators did not influence relative growth rate.

Treatment
application of boron and plant growth regulatorse2
Outcome
relative growth ratee2
Direction
not influencede2
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e2

“However, relative growth rate was not influenced by the application of boron and plant growth regulators”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 808–912 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron 0.75 kg/ha with foliar GA3 30 ppm gave the maximum relative growth rate of 0.1005 g/g/day.

Treatment
treatment 1 (Boron 0.75 kg/ha +GA3 30 ppm)e3
Outcome
relative growth ratee2
Direction
maximume3
Value
0.1005 g/g/daye3
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e2

“relative growth rate was not influenced”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 817–856 · show in text ↑
e3

“it recorded maximum in treatment 1 (Boron 0.75 kg/ha +GA3 30 ppm) (0.1005 g/g/day)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 917–999 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron 0.75 kg/ha with foliar GA3 30 ppm gave the highest gross return of 161,040.00 ₹/ha.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye4
Outcome
gross returne4
Direction
higheste4
Value
161,040.00 ₹/hae4
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e4

“0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded highest gross return (161,040.00 ₹/ha), net return (113,394.00 ₹/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (2.38)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1001–1169 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron 0.75 kg/ha with foliar GA3 30 ppm gave a net return of 113,394.00 ₹/ha.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye4
Outcome
net returne4
Direction
higherinferrede4
Value
113,394.00 ₹/hae4
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e4

“0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded highest gross return (161,040.00 ₹/ha), net return (113,394.00 ₹/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (2.38)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1001–1169 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Boron 0.75 kg/ha with foliar GA3 30 ppm gave a benefit cost ratio of 2.38.

Treatment
0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spraye4
Outcome
benefit: cost ratioe4
Direction
higherinferrede4
Value
2.38e4
Setting
crop research farme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The experiment was conducted at crop research farm in the department of agronomy during summer season in the department of agronomy during summer season of 2022 on cowpea crop”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–175 · show in text ↑
e4

“0.75 kg/ha Boron + 30 ppm gibberellic acid as foliar spray recorded highest gross return (161,040.00 ₹/ha), net return (113,394.00 ₹/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (2.38)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1001–1169 · show in text ↑

Gibberellic acid · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

6 papers: 5 positive, 1 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

boron atom · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

6 papers: 5 positive, 1 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. positive
  3. positive

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

Gibberellic acid · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
See all 2 papers →

Gibberellic acid · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

9 papers: 9 positive, 0 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

boron atom · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

15 papers: 15 positive, 0 negative or no effect

14 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

class · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

7 papers: 5 positive, 2 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

3 papers more in this group

See all 7 papers →

application · quality: grain · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

9 papers: 8 positive, 1 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

application · symbiosis · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

18 papers: 16 positive, 2 negative or no effect

15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. positive

14 papers more in this group

See all 18 papers →

8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.