Abstract
Wood vinegar (WV) is a biostimulant and a biopesticide that contains pyroligneous acid and is used as a crop growth enhancer and biocontrol agent, but insufficient information exists on WV’s effects on soil quality and cowpea production in Ghana. A field study (2 years) was conducted to determine the appropriate method of applying WV for soil health and cowpea production, and to determine the economic benefits of WV. Assessments were on nodulation, shoot biomass, yield, value–cost ratio, soil enzymes, soil respiration, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), permanganate-oxidizable carbon (POXC), mineralizable C, soil pH, available nitrogen and phosphorus. Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea. Economically, soil drenching, followed by foliar application, generated better economic returns than the control. Adding WV to cowpea using soil drenching and foliar application improved soil health indicators. Soil enzymes and MBN were enhanced by WV applied foliarly and through soil drenching. Soil drenching with WV produced greater POXC and mineralizable C compared to the other treatments. Conclusively, WV applied foliarly and through soil drenching improved soil health, nodulation and yields of cowpea, and enhanced profitability.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenching with wood vinegar gave greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae1 - Treatment
- soil drenchinge1
- Outcome
- shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of wood vinegar gave greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenching with wood vinegar gave better economic returns than the control in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- soil drenchinge2
- Outcome
- economic returnse2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e2“Economically, soil drenching, followed by foliar application, generated better economic returns than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding wood vinegar to cowpea by soil drenching improved soil health indicators.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- soil drenchinge3
- Outcome
- soil health indicatorse3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e3“Adding WV to cowpea using soil drenching and foliar application improved soil health indicators”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding wood vinegar to cowpea by foliar application improved soil health indicators.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione3
- Outcome
- soil health indicatorse3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e3“Adding WV to cowpea using soil drenching and foliar application improved soil health indicators”
Claim · model-written summary
Wood vinegar applied foliarly enhanced soil enzymes and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in cowpea plots.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- WV applied foliarlye4
- Outcome
- Soil enzymes and MBNe4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e4“Soil enzymes and MBN were enhanced by WV applied foliarly and through soil drenching”
Claim · model-written summary
Wood vinegar applied by soil drenching enhanced soil enzymes and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in cowpea plots.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- soil drenchinge4
- Outcome
- Soil enzymes and MBNe4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e4“Soil enzymes and MBN were enhanced by WV applied foliarly and through soil drenching”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenching with wood vinegar gave greater permanganate-oxidizable carbon (POXC) and mineralizable C than the other treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- Soil drenching with WVe5
- Outcome
- POXC and mineralizable Ce5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e5“Soil drenching with WV produced greater POXC and mineralizable C compared to the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of wood vinegar gave better economic returns than the control in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- economic returnse2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results revealed soil drenching and foliar application are efficient methods of applying WV to achieve greater shoot dry matter, nodulation and grain yield of cowpea”
e2“Economically, soil drenching, followed by foliar application, generated better economic returns than the control”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.