Abstract
Species of Gymnosporangium are major pathogenic rust fungi causing diseases and significant economic losses of plants in the Cupressaceae and Rosaceae family (Kern 1973). During our investigation of rust fungi in Qinghai Province, northwestern China, we found the spermogonial and aecial stages of Gymnosporangium species on Cotoneaster acutifolius. C. acutifolius is the woody plant that range in habit from ground-covers to airy shrubs and medium-sized trees(Rothleutner et al. 2016). Upon investigation in the field, the incidence of rust on C. acutifolius was 80% and 60% (n = 100) for 2020 and 2022, respectively. C. acutifolius leaves showing abundant aecia were collected from Batang forest area of Yushu (32.45°N, 97.19°E, alt. 3835 m), Qinghai, China, from August to October of both years. The rust makes its symptom first on the upper surface appearing yellow then dark brow, aggregated spermogonia in yellow-orange leaf spots. These spots enlarge gradually and displaying an orange-yellow and are often bordered by red concentric rings. In the later stage, many pale yellow, roestelioid aecia developed on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves or fruits. The morphology of this fungus was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (JEOL, JSM-6360LV). Microscopic examination show that aecia are foliicolous, hypophyllous, roestelioid, and producing cylindrical peridia that are acuminate, splitting above and becoming some-what lacerate nearly to base, somewhat erect after dehiscence. Peridial cells are rhomboid, and 42 to 118 × 11-27μm(n=30). They have smooth outer walls and rugose inner and side walls with long obliquely arranged ridges. Aeciospores are ellipsoid, chestnut brown, 20 to 38 × 15 to 35 μm(n=30), wall densely and minutely verrucose, 1 to 3 μm thick, with 4 to 10 pores. Whole genomic DNA was extracted (Tian et al. 2004), and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was amplified with the primer pair ITS3 (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (Vogler and Bruns 1998). The sequence of the amplified fragment was deposited in the GenBank database (GenBank Accession No. MW714871). A BLAST search of GenBank showed a high identity (> 99%) with the reference sequences of Gymnosporangium pleoporumGenBank Accession No. MH178659 and MH178658). G. pleoporum was first described from specimens in the telial stage found on Juniperus przewalskii, from Menyuan of Qinghai in China (Tao et al. 2020). In this study, the fungus G.pleoporum of spermogonial and aecial stages were collected from the C. acutifolius, we confirmed the alternate host of G. pleoporum based on DNA extraction results. To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. pleoporum causing rust disease on C. acutifolius. Because the alternate host can be infected by several different species of Gymnosporangium (Tao et al. 2020), further investigations are needed to verify heteroecious of the rust fungus.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Spermogonial and aecial stages of Gymnosporangium species were found on Cotoneaster acutifolius.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifolius
Cotoneaster acutifoliust0 - Interactor
- Gymnosporangium
.jpg?width=60)
Gymnosporangiume1pathogen - Outcome
- spermogonial and aecial stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e1“we found the spermogonial and aecial stages of Gymnosporangium species on Cotoneaster acutifolius”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust incidence on Cotoneaster acutifolius was 80% in 2020 and 60% in 2022.
- Taxon
- C. acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliuse2
- Outcome
- incidence of ruste2
- Value
- 80% and 60%e2
- Qualifier
- n = 100e2
- Setting
- in the fielde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e2“Upon investigation in the field, the incidence of rust on C. acutifolius was 80% and 60% (n = 100) for 2020 and 2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust symptoms on Cotoneaster acutifolius start as yellow-orange leaf spots with aggregated spermogonia.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Organ / stage
- leaf spotse3
- Outcome
- symptome3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e3“The rust makes its symptom first on the upper surface appearing yellow then dark brow, aggregated spermogonia in yellow-orange leaf spots”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeciospores of the rust are ellipsoid, chestnut brown and 20 to 38 × 15 to 35 μm.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Outcome
- Aeciosporese4
- Value
- 20 to 38 × 15 to 35 μme4
- Qualifier
- ellipsoid, chestnut browne4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e4“Aeciospores are ellipsoid, chestnut brown, 20 to 38 × 15 to 35 μm(n=30), wall densely and minutely verrucose, 1 to 3 μm thick, with 4 to 10 pores”
Claim · model-written summary
Peridial cells of the rust are rhomboid and 42 to 118 × 11-27 μm.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Outcome
- Peridial cellse5
- Value
- 42 to 118 × 11-27μme5
- Qualifier
- rhomboide5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e5“Peridial cells are rhomboid, and 42 to 118 × 11-27μm(n=30)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aecia of the rust are foliicolous, hypophyllous and roestelioid, with cylindrical peridia.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Outcome
- aeciae6
- Qualifier
- foliicolous, hypophyllous, roestelioide6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e6“aecia are foliicolous, hypophyllous, roestelioid, and producing cylindrical peridia”
Claim · model-written summary
The rust ITS2 sequence on Cotoneaster acutifolius had over 99% identity with Gymnosporangium pleoporum reference sequences.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Interactor
- Gymnosporangium pleoporumGymnosporangium pleoporume7pathogen
- Outcome
- identitye7
- Value
- > 99%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e7“A BLAST search of GenBank showed a high identity (> 99%) with the reference sequences of Gymnosporangium pleoporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotoneaster acutifolius was confirmed as an alternate host of Gymnosporangium pleoporum by DNA extraction results.
- Taxon
- Cotoneaster acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliust0
- Interactor
- G. pleoporumGymnosporangium pleoporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- alternate hoste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e1“we confirmed the alternate host of G. pleoporum based on DNA extraction results”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first record of Gymnosporangium pleoporum causing rust disease on Cotoneaster acutifolius.
- Taxon
- C. acutifoliusCotoneaster acutifoliuse1
- Interactor
- G. pleoporumGymnosporangium pleoporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- first record of G. pleoporum causing rust diseasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotoneaster acutifolius”
e1“To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. pleoporum causing rust disease on C. acutifolius”