Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) is an important species in China’s flower industry, and drought stress seriously affects the growth, quality, yield, and geographical distribution of this species. Melatonin (MT) plays a key role in regulating plant abiotic stress responses and stress resistance, but the mechanism through which exogenous MT regulates drought resistance in chrysanthemum remains unclear. This study explored the protective effect of MT on chrysanthemum drought tolerance and its key regulatory pathways. Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity (Tr increased by 18.07%; Pn increased by 38.46%; and Gs increased by 26.52%) of chrysanthemum and attenuated decreases in its chlorophyll (19.89%) and relative water contents (26.94%). Moreover, MT increased the levels of osmolarity-related compounds such as soluble sugars (43.60%) and soluble protein (9.86%) under drought stress and increased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD increased by 20.98%; POD increased by 35.04%; and CAT increased by 26.21%). Additionally, MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%), gibberellic acid (75.92% and 3.79%), salicylic acid (33.02%), and cytokinin contents (1400.00%) under drought stress while decreasing the abscisic acid (50.69% and 56.79%), jasmonate contents (62.57% and 28.31%), and ethylene contents (9.28%). RNA-seq analysis revealed 17,389, 1466, and 9359 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under three treatments (PEG, MT, and MT _ PEG, respectively) compared with the control. Enrichment analyses of the DEGs identified more than 10 GO terms and 34 KEGG pathways. Nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly increased under all three treatments. The DEGs included many transcription factors, such as MYB, WRKY, and NAC proteins. Our results preliminarily classify candidate genes and metabolic pathways with active roles in the interaction between MT and drought stress and advance the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the response to drought stress under MT conditions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the breeding of drought-resistant chrysanthemum.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin increased transpiration rate (Tr) of chrysanthemum by 18.07%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifolium
Chrysanthemum ×morifoliume3 - Treatment
- Exogenous MT applicatione2
- Outcome
- Tre1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.07%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tr increased by 18.07%”
e2“Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin increased Pn of chrysanthemum by 38.46%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- Exogenous MT applicatione2
- Outcome
- Pne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 38.46%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pn increased by 38.46%”
e2“Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin increased Gs of chrysanthemum by 26.52%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- Exogenous MT applicatione2
- Outcome
- Gse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.52%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Gs increased by 26.52%”
e2“Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin attenuated the decrease in chlorophyll content of chrysanthemum by 19.89%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- Exogenous MT applicatione2
- Outcome
- chlorophylle1
- Direction
- attenuated decreasese1
- Value
- 19.89%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“attenuated decreases in its chlorophyll (19.89%) and relative water contents (26.94%)”
e2“Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin attenuated the decrease in relative water content of chrysanthemum by 26.94%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- Exogenous MT applicatione2
- Outcome
- relative water contentse1
- Direction
- attenuated decreasese1
- Value
- 26.94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“attenuated decreases in its chlorophyll (19.89%) and relative water contents (26.94%)”
e2“Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased soluble sugar levels of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 43.60%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 43.60%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the levels of osmolarity-related compounds such as soluble sugars (43.60%)”
e4“soluble protein (9.86%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased soluble protein levels of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 9.86%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- soluble proteine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 9.86%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the levels of osmolarity-related compounds such as soluble sugars (43.60%) and soluble protein (9.86%)”
e4“soluble protein (9.86%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased SOD activity of chrysanthemum by 20.98%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- SODe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20.98%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“SOD increased by 20.98%”
e2“Moreover, MT increased the levels”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased POD activity of chrysanthemum by 35.04%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- PODe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35.04%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“POD increased by 35.04%”
e2“Moreover, MT increased the levels”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased CAT activity of chrysanthemum by 26.21%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.21%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CAT increased by 26.21%”
e2“Moreover, MT increased the levels”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased endogenous MT content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 597.96%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- endogenous MTe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 597.96%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%)”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased growth hormone content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 45.31% and 92.09%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- growth hormonee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 45.31% and 92.09%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%)”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased gibberellic acid content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 75.92% and 3.79%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- gibberellic acide1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 75.92% and 3.79%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%), gibberellic acid (75.92% and 3.79%)”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased salicylic acid content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 33.02%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- salicylic acide1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 33.02%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%), gibberellic acid (75.92% and 3.79%), salicylic acid (33.02%)”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased cytokinin content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 1400.00%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- cytokinin contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 1400.00%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%), gibberellic acid (75.92% and 3.79%), salicylic acid (33.02%), and cytokinin contents (1400.00%)”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased abscisic acid content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 50.69% and 56.79%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- abscisic acide1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 50.69% and 56.79%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while decreasing the abscisic acid (50.69% and 56.79%)”
e2“Additionally, MT increased the endogenous MT”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased jasmonate content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 62.57% and 28.31%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- jasmonate contentse1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 62.57% and 28.31%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while decreasing the abscisic acid (50.69% and 56.79%), jasmonate contents (62.57% and 28.31%)”
e2“Additionally, MT increased the endogenous MT”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased ethylene content of chrysanthemum under drought stress by 9.28%.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- MTe2
- Outcome
- ethylene contentse1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 9.28%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while decreasing the abscisic acid (50.69% and 56.79%), jasmonate contents (62.57% and 28.31%), and ethylene contents (9.28%)”
e2“Additionally, MT increased the endogenous MT”
e4“contents (1400.00%) under drought stress”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-seq revealed 17,389, 1466 and 9359 differentially expressed genes under PEG, MT and MT_PEG treatments, respectively, compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- PEG, MT, and MT _ PEGe1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese1
- Value
- 17,389, 1466, and 9359e1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RNA-seq analysis revealed 17,389, 1466, and 9359 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under three treatments (PEG, MT, and MT _ PEG, respectively) compared with the control”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly increased under all three treatments.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume3
- Treatment
- all three treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisme1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly increased under all three treatments”
e3“Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.”