Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera), is a serious threat to food security as it has the potential to feed on over 353 plant species. To control this insect pest, endophytic colonization of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in plants is being considered as a safer and more effective alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy of two EPFs, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, for endophytic colonization using foliar spray and seed treatment methods on maize plants, and their impact on the survival, development, and fecundity of S. frugiperda. Both EPF effectively colonized the maize plants with foliar spray and seed treatment methods, resulting in 72–80% and 50–60% colonization rates, respectively, 14 days after inoculation. The EPF negatively impacted the development and fecundity of S. frugiperda. Larvae feeding on EPF-inoculated leaves had slower development (21.21 d for M. anisopliae and 20.64 d for B. bassiana) than the control treatment (20.27 d). The fecundity rate was also significantly reduced to 260.0–290.1 eggs/female with both EPF applications compared with the control treatment (435.6 eggs/female). Age-stage-specific parameters showed lower fecundity, life expectancy, and survival of S. frugiperda when they fed on both EPF-inoculated leaves compared with untreated leaves. Furthermore, both EPFs had a significant effect on population parameters such as intrinsic (r = 0.127 d−1 for B. bassiana, and r = 0.125 d−1 for M. anisopliae) and finite rate (λ = 1.135 d−1 for B. bassiana, and λ = 1.1333 d−1 for M. anisopliae) of S. frugiperda compared with the control (r = 0.133 d−1 and λ = 1.146 d−1). These findings suggest that EPF can be effectively used for the endophytic colonization of maize plants to control S. frugiperda. Therefore, these EPFs should be integrated into pest management programs for this pest.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Beauveria bassiana colonized maize after foliar spray at 72–80% after 14 days.
- Treatment
- foliar spraye0
- Interactor
- Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassianae1symbiont - Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Value
- 72–80%e0
- Qualifier
- 14 days after inoculatione0
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Both EPF effectively colonized the maize plants with foliar spray and seed treatment methods, resulting in 72–80% and 50–60% colonization rates, respectively, 14 days after inoculation”
e1“Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae”
Claim · model-written summary
Metarhizium anisopliae colonized maize after foliar spray at 72–80% after 14 days.
- Treatment
- foliar spraye0
- Interactor
- Metarhizium anisopliae
Metarhizium anisopliaee1symbiont - Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Value
- 72–80%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Both EPF effectively colonized the maize plants with foliar spray and seed treatment methods, resulting in 72–80% and 50–60% colonization rates, respectively, 14 days after inoculation”
e1“Metarhizium anisopliae”
Claim · model-written summary
Beauveria bassiana colonized maize after seed treatment at 50–60%.
- Treatment
- seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- Beauveria bassianaBeauveria bassianae1symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Value
- 50–60%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Both EPF effectively colonized the maize plants with foliar spray and seed treatment methods, resulting in 72–80% and 50–60% colonization rates, respectively, 14 days after inoculation”
e1“Beauveria bassiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Metarhizium anisopliae colonized maize after seed treatment at 50–60%.
- Treatment
- seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- Metarhizium anisopliaeMetarhizium anisopliaee1symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Value
- 50–60%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Both EPF effectively colonized the maize plants with foliar spray and seed treatment methods, resulting in 72–80% and 50–60% colonization rates, respectively, 14 days after inoculation”
e1“Metarhizium anisopliae”
Claim · model-written summary
M. anisopliae increased larval development time to 21.21 d versus 20.27 d control.
- Treatment
- M. anisopliaee0
- Interactor
- Larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- Larvaee0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Value
- 21.21 de0
- Qualifier
- 20.27 de0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Larvae feeding on EPF-inoculated leaves had slower development (21.21 d for M. anisopliae and 20.64 d for B. bassiana) than the control treatment (20.27 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana increased larval development time to 20.64 d versus 20.27 d control.
- Treatment
- B. bassianae0
- Interactor
- Larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- Larvaee0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Value
- 20.64 de0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Larvae feeding on EPF-inoculated leaves had slower development (21.21 d for M. anisopliae and 20.64 d for B. bassiana) than the control treatment (20.27 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fungi reduced S. frugiperda fecundity to 260.0–290.1 eggs/female versus 435.6 control.
- Treatment
- both EPF applicationse0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae1pest - Outcome
- fecundity ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 260.0–290.1 eggs/femalee0
- Qualifier
- 435.6 eggs/femalee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“The fecundity rate was also significantly reduced to 260.0–290.1 eggs/female with both EPF applications compared with the control treatment (435.6 eggs/female)”
e1“development and fecundity of S. frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fungi reduced fall armyworm fecundity, life expectancy and survival relative to untreated leaves.
- Treatment
- both EPF-inoculated leavese0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Outcome
- fecundity, life expectancy, and survival of S. frugiperdae0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Age-stage-specific parameters showed lower fecundity, life expectancy, and survival of S. frugiperda when they fed on both EPF-inoculated leaves compared with untreated leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana reduced S. frugiperda intrinsic rate to 0.127 d−1 from 0.133 d−1.
- Treatment
- B. bassianae0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Outcome
- intrinsice0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.127 d−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“intrinsic (r = 0.127 d−1 for B. bassiana, and r = 0.125 d−1 for M. anisopliae) and finite rate (λ = 1.135 d−1 for B. bassiana, and λ = 1.1333 d−1 for M. anisopliae) of S. frugiperda compared with the control (r = 0.133 d−1 and λ = 1.146 d−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. anisopliae reduced S. frugiperda intrinsic rate to 0.125 d−1.
- Treatment
- M. anisopliaee0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Outcome
- intrinsice0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.125 d−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“intrinsic (r = 0.127 d−1 for B. bassiana, and r = 0.125 d−1 for M. anisopliae) and finite rate (λ = 1.135 d−1 for B. bassiana, and λ = 1.1333 d−1 for M. anisopliae) of S. frugiperda compared with the control (r = 0.133 d−1 and λ = 1.146 d−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana reduced S. frugiperda finite rate to 1.135 d−1.
- Treatment
- B. bassianae0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Outcome
- finite ratee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 1.135 d−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“finite rate (λ = 1.135 d−1 for B. bassiana, and λ = 1.1333 d−1 for M. anisopliae) of S. frugiperda compared with the control (r = 0.133 d−1 and λ = 1.146 d−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. anisopliae reduced S. frugiperda finite rate to 1.1333 d−1.
- Treatment
- M. anisopliaee0
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Outcome
- finite ratee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 1.1333 d−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“finite rate (λ = 1.135 d−1 for B. bassiana, and λ = 1.1333 d−1 for M. anisopliae) of S. frugiperda compared with the control (r = 0.133 d−1 and λ = 1.146 d−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend integrating the fungi into fall armyworm pest management.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- integrated into pest management programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“these EPFs should be integrated into pest management programs for this pest”
e1“development and fecundity of S. frugiperda”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.