Abstract
Adding organic matter to soil proved an efficient strategy for restoring soil fertility and improving crop dry matter – an indicator of yield potential. In this regard, evaluating the sources of organic matter (OM) (control, poultry manure [PM], farmyard manure [FYM], compost, and mungbean residues [MR]) to provide 120 kg N ha-1 and effective microbes (EM) (0, 100, 200, and 300 L ton-1 of OM) as 2% solution proceeded in field conditions during 2017–2019. The sowing of wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015) at 120 kg ha-1 took place in the field using RCB design with four replications. Results showed that PM/FYM had delayed the phenology and improved the biomass-related parameters, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and crop growth rate (CGR) more than compost and MR. However, the results were more pronounced when applied with 300 L EM ton-1 of OM from the PM. The maximum DM (55%) accumulation in plant parts occurred beyond 100 days after sowing (DAS). A marked increase in DM and CGR beyond 60 DAS and a reduction in CGR beyond 120 DAS appeared irrespective of treatments. In the case of EM, the 300 L ton-1 revealed superior in terms of growth, DM accumulation, CGR, and delayed phenology. Structural equation modeling suggested that DM production gained a direct effect from crop phenology (46.1%) and crop stand (30.4%) but no indirect effect from crop growth (24.8%). In conclusion, the 300 L EM ton-1 of OM applied to PM or FYM had improved the crop stand, development, and DM production in wheat.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry and farmyard manure delayed wheat phenology more than compost and mungbean residues.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- cv. Pirsabak 2015e1
- Treatment
- PM/FYMe0
- Outcome
- phenologye0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- compost and MRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM/FYM had delayed the phenology and improved the biomass-related parameters, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and crop growth rate (CGR) more than compost and MR.”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry and farmyard manure improved wheat biomass parameters, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate more than compost and mungbean residues.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PM/FYMe0
- Outcome
- biomass-related parameters, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and crop growth rate (CGR)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- compost and MRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM/FYM had delayed the phenology and improved the biomass-related parameters, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and crop growth rate (CGR) more than compost and MR.”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
The response to poultry manure was more pronounced with 300 L EM per ton of organic matter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 300 L EM ton-1 of OM from the PMe0
- Outcome
- resultse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the results were more pronounced when applied with 300 L EM ton-1 of OM from the PM”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum wheat dry matter accumulation was 55% beyond 100 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- accumulation in plant partse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- beyond 100 days after sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum DM (55%) accumulation in plant parts occurred beyond 100 days after sowing (DAS).”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat dry matter and crop growth rate increased beyond 60 days after sowing regardless of treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- DM and CGRe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- beyond 60 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A marked increase in DM and CGR beyond 60 DAS and a reduction in CGR beyond 120 DAS appeared irrespective of treatments.”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat crop growth rate decreased beyond 120 days after sowing regardless of treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- beyond 120 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A marked increase in DM and CGR beyond 60 DAS and a reduction in CGR beyond 120 DAS appeared irrespective of treatments.”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 300 L per ton effective microbe rate was superior for wheat growth, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 300 L ton-1e0
- Outcome
- growth, DM accumulation, CGRe0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 300 L ton-1 revealed superior in terms of growth, DM accumulation, CGR, and delayed phenology”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 300 L per ton effective microbe rate delayed wheat phenology.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 300 L ton-1e0
- Outcome
- phenologye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 300 L ton-1 revealed superior in terms of growth, DM accumulation, CGR, and delayed phenology”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling assigned wheat dry matter production a 46.1% direct effect from crop phenology.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- crop phenologye0
- Outcome
- DM productione0
- Value
- 46.1%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Structural equation modeling suggested that DM production gained a direct effect from crop phenology (46.1%)”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling assigned wheat dry matter production a 30.4% direct effect from crop stand.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- DM productione0
- Value
- 30.4%e0
- Qualifier
- crop stande0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DM production gained a direct effect from crop phenology (46.1%) and crop stand (30.4%)”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling found no indirect effect from wheat crop growth on dry matter production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- indirect effect from crop growthe0
- Direction
- no indirect effecte0
- Value
- 24.8%e0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DM production gained a direct effect from crop phenology (46.1%) and crop stand (30.4%) but no indirect effect from crop growth (24.8%).”
e1“wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 300 L effective microbes per ton of organic matter with poultry or farmyard manure improved wheat crop stand, development and dry matter production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 300 L EM ton-1 of OM applied to PM or FYMe0
- Outcome
- crop stand, development, and DM productione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 300 L EM ton-1 of OM applied to PM or FYM had improved the crop stand, development, and DM production in wheat.”
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