Abstract
PREMISE: Flowering plants have evolved a vast array of floral features involved in plant-pollinator interactions. A feature that seemingly increases the chance of pollen transfer is the androgynophore, a stalk-like structure that raises the reproductive organs of the flower. However, little is known about the developmental and genetic basis of this structure despite its presence in multiple, distantly related taxa. Here, we address this gap by investigating Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae), a species with a prominent androgynophore. METHODS: We combined morphological and anatomical analyses with a comparative transcriptomic study to provide a detailed description of the androgynophore throughout development, examine global gene expression patterns, and identify candidate genes putatively involved in androgynophore elongation. RESULTS: The radially symmetric androgynophore of G. gynandra rapidly lengthens primarily via cell elongation. Despite its structural uniformity, androgynophore development is characterized by complex gene expression patterns including differential expression of floral organ identity genes and genes associated with organ development and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS: Our morphological characterizations and high-quality transcriptome for G. gynandra suggest that the androgynophore is a novel structure formed via elaboration of both the receptacle and base of reproductive organs because it is structurally like an elongated internode but expresses the genetic repertoire typically associated with the reproductive organs. The drastic increase in cell length and uniform structure elevates the androgynophore as a potentially powerful model for cell elongation.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
The androgynophore of G. gynandra lengthens rapidly, mainly through cell elongation.
- Taxon
- G. gynandra
Gynandropsis gynandrae1 - Organ / stage
- androgynophoree1
- Outcome
- rapidly lengthense1
- Qualifier
- primarily via cell elongatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The radially symmetric androgynophore of G. gynandra rapidly lengthens primarily via cell elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Androgynophore development shows complex gene expression, including differential expression of floral organ identity genes and genes of organ development.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrat0
- Organ / stage
- androgynophoree2
- Gene
- floral organ identity genese2
- Outcome
- complex gene expression patternse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gynandropsis gynandra”
e2“androgynophore development is characterized by complex gene expression patterns including differential expression of floral organ identity genes and genes associated with organ development and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The androgynophore is a novel structure formed by elaboration of the receptacle and base of reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- G. gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae3
- Outcome
- novel structuree3
- Qualifier
- formed via elaboration of both the receptacle and base of reproductive organse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“our morphological characterizations and high-quality transcriptome for G. gynandra suggest that the androgynophore is a novel structure formed via elaboration of both the receptacle and base of reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
The androgynophore is structurally like an elongated internode but expresses the genetic repertoire of reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrat0
- Outcome
- genetic repertoiree4
- Qualifier
- structurally like an elongated internodee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gynandropsis gynandra”
e4“it is structurally like an elongated internode but expresses the genetic repertoire typically associated with the reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
The androgynophore is a potentially powerful model for cell elongation.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrat0
- Outcome
- potentially powerful model for cell elongatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gynandropsis gynandra”
e5“potentially powerful model for cell elongation”