Abstract
Between 2010 and 2016, rapid and extensive mortality of bitternut hickory (i.e., 35 percent year -1 ) was observed within a long-term experimental site in Wisconsin.The purpose of this study was to document and quantify the mortality, investigate stem-density impacts on mortality, and assess remaining hickory regeneration.Similar mortality has been reported in the midwest and northeast United States, and a pathogenic fungus (Ceratocystis smalleyi Johnson and Harrington) and hickory bark beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus Say) were identified as the causal agents, herein investigated via a post hoc analysis.Larger hickory stems (i.e., >20 cm d.b.h.) experienced higher mortality rates than smaller stems (i.e., 10 to <20 cm d.b.h.).Density (i.e., percent hickory), crown class, and diameter were statistically important in predicting hickory mortality.Maintaining this species is increasingly important, especially as other dominant species, such as ash, are also decreasing.Management actions such as selective thinning will be important in mitigating these rapid hickory declines.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Bitternut hickory mortality reached 35 percent per year during 2010–2016 in Wisconsin.
- Taxon
- bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformise0 - Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 35 percent year -1e0
- Setting
- Wisconsine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 2010 and 2016, rapid and extensive mortality of bitternut hickory (i.e., 35 percent year -1 ) was observed within a long-term experimental site in Wisconsin”
Claim · model-written summary
Larger hickory stems had higher mortality rates than smaller stems.
Verbatim
e0“Larger hickory stems (i.e., >20 cm d.b.h.) experienced higher mortality rates than smaller stems (i.e., 10 to <20 cm d.b.h.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hickory density, crown class and diameter statistically predicted mortality.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Density (i.e., percent hickory), crown class, and diameter were statistically important in predicting hickory mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend selective thinning to mitigate hickory decline.
Verbatim
e0“Management actions such as selective thinning will be important in mitigating these rapid hickory declines”